{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:29:26Z","timestamp":1791152966725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":1218,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>An association between fatty liver and carotid atherosclerosis has been established; however, it is not clear whether this relationship is a consequence of shared conventional risk factors or whether it is determined by specific circulating factors originating from liver or adipose tissue. To identify the factors possibly linking fatty liver and atherosclerosis, we assessed, in 1,012 subjects free of confounding diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dyslipidemia) and metabolic syndrome, the relationship between the presence of early plaques at carotid bifurcation and fatty liver index (FLI; a validated surrogate marker of fatty liver), as well as the associations between carotid plaque presence and established atherosclerotic risk factors, family history of cardiovascular disease (FH-CVD) or diabetes, insulin sensitivity, serum liver enzymes, adipokines, fatty free acids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A total of 55 of 1,012 subjects (5.4%) had small plaque at carotid bifurcation. Subjects with plaque were older and had higher prevalence of FLI \u226560 and FH-CVD, higher blood pressure, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and hsCRP, as compared to subjects without plaques (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.05). In a logistic regression model, adjusted for sex, liver transaminase, and alcohol consumption, the independent predictors of plaque presence were age (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.0005), FLI \u226560 (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.0005), and current smoking (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.05). When FLI in the model was replaced by variables used in its equation (e.g., body mass index, waist circumference, plasma triglycerides, and GGT), the independent determinants of plaque presence were age (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.001), GGT (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>= 0.001), and current smoking (<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                      <jats:bold>&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Our cross-sectional study suggests that subjects with FLI \u226560 are at higher risk of atherosclerotic lesions, independently of established risk factors, and that serum GGT may represent a link between fatty liver and the development of early atherosclerosis. (Hepatology 2012)<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]],"date-time":"2012-02-15T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1329279032000},"page":"1406-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Fatty liver index, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and early carotid plaques"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Kozakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Paterni","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Flyvbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asimina","family":"Mitrakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ele","family":"Ferrannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.06.012","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly associated with carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review.","volume":"49","author":"Sookoian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R2-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11951202","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq073","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and carotid artery intimamedia thickness in an adolescent population in southern Italy.","volume":"171","author":"Caserta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R3-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18481853","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i12.1848","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis is associated with an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis.","volume":"11","author":"Volzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R4-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13511350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R5-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11561161","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23789","article-title":"Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data.","volume":"52","author":"Ghouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"HEPATOLOGY"},{"key":"R7-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.023","article-title":"Gammaglutamyltransferase activity in human atherosclerotic plaquesbiochemical similarities with the circulating enzyme.","volume":"202","author":"Franzini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"R8-11-20241201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000120558.41356.E6","article-title":"Images in cardiovascular medicine. 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