{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T06:16:35Z","timestamp":1762928195670,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]],"date-time":"2013-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n                                 <jats:bold>Recent data suggest that vitamin A modulates the expression of type I interferon receptor enhancing the antireplication effect of interferon-\u03b1 on hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among patients with chronic HCV infection and to assess whether vitamin A deficiency could be associated with unresponsiveness to interferon-based antiviral therapy. The analysis included 199 consecutive treatment-na\u00efve chronic HCV patients in whom pretreatment serum vitamin A and 25-OH vitamin D were measured; 119 healthy blood donors were used as controls. Median (interquartile range) serum vitamin A in HCV-positive patients was significantly lower than in controls: 256 ng\/mL (128\u2013440) versus 742 (624\u2013942,<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    P\n                                 <\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>&lt; 0.0001). Overall sustained viral response was achieved in 122\/199 patients, 46\/109 infected by difficult to treat HCV genotypes. In these latter, 39\/104 (37.5%) were nonresponders. At multivariate analysis, nonresponse to antiviral therapy was predicted by carriage of interleukin (IL)-28B T\/* genotypes, baseline serum levels of \u03b3GT &gt;60 IU\/mL, of HCV RNA &gt;600,000 IU\/mL, of vitamin A \u2264100 ng\/mL, and a cumulative dose of ribavirin \u226480%. Seventeen patients (9.0%) had both serum levels of vitamin A \u2264100 ng\/mL and of vitamin D \u226420 ng\/mL; the presence of a combined vitamin A and D deficiency was found to be a strong independent predictor of nonresponse to antiviral therapy.<\/jats:bold>\n                                 <jats:bold>\n                                    Conclusion\n                                 <\/jats:bold>: <jats:bold>A high percentage of patients with chronic HCV infection have serum vitamin A deficiency. This condition is associated with nonresponse to antiviral therapy. (Hepatology 2013)<\/jats:bold>\n                              <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,5]],"date-time":"2012-12-05T20:34:14Z","timestamp":1354739654000},"page":"925-933","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency is associated with hepatitis C virus chronic infection and with unresponsiveness to interferon-based antiviral 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