{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:19:46Z","timestamp":1791292786780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":239,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a very narrow species and tissue tropism and efficiently replicates only in humans and the chimpanzee. Recently, several studies identified close relatives to HCV in different animal species. Among these novel viruses, the nonprimate hepaciviruses (NPHV) that infect horses are the closest relatives of HCV described to date. In this study, we analyzed the NPHV prevalence in northern Germany and characterized the clinical course of infection and viral tissue tropism to explore the relevance of HCV\u2010related horse viruses as a model for HCV infection. We found that approximately 31.4% of 433 horses were seropositive for antibodies (Abs) against NPHV and approximately 2.5% carried viral RNA. Liver function analyses revealed no indication for hepatic impairment in 7 of 11 horses. However, serum gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations were mildly elevated in 3 horses, and 1 horse displayed even highly elevated GGT levels. Furthermore, we observed that NPHV infection could be cleared in individual horses with a simultaneous emergence of nonstructural (NS)3\u2010specific Abs and transient elevation of serum levels of liver\u2010specific enzymes indicative for a hepatic inflammation. In other individual horses, chronic infections could be observed with the copresence of viral RNA and NS3\u2010specific Abs for over 6 months. For the determination of viral tissue tropism, we analyzed different organs and tissues of 1 NPHV\u2010positive horse using quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hydridization and detected NPHV RNA mainly in the liver and at lower amounts in other organs.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Similar to HCV infections in humans, this work demonstrates acute and chronic stages of NPHV infection in horses with viral RNA detectable predominantly within the liver. (H\n                    <jats:sc>epatology<\/jats:sc>\n                    2015;61:448\u2010459)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T05:33:25Z","timestamp":1410500005000},"page":"447-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Clinical course of infection and viral tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus\u2013like nonprimate hepaciviruses in horses"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Pfaender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessika M.V.","family":"Cavalleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Doerrbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine,University of Basel and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel,Basel,Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.P.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Burbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Clinical Research Core,National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Postel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Anggakusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Riebesehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus H.","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine,University of Basel and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel,Basel,Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pietschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research 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