{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:31:23Z","timestamp":1787859083736,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451260800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["P30874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30874"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["63303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1049682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1049682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1031886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1031886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council, and Monash University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A challenge in obstetrics is to distinguish pathological symptoms from those associated with normal changes of pregnancy, typified by the need to differentiate whether gestational pruritus of the skin is an early symptom of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) or due to benign pruritus gravidarum. ICP is characterized by raised serum bile acids and complicated by spontaneous preterm labor and stillbirth. A biomarker for ICP would be invaluable for early diagnosis and treatment and to enable its differentiation from other maternal diseases. Three progesterone sulfate compounds, whose concentrations have not previously been studied, were newly synthesized and assayed in the serum of three groups of ICP patients and found to be significantly higher in ICP at 9\u201015 weeks of gestation and prior to symptom onset (group 1 cases\/samples: ICP n = 35\/80, uncomplicated pregnancy = 29\/100), demonstrating that all three progesterone sulfates are prognostic for ICP. Concentrations of progesterone sulfates were associated with itch severity and, in combination with autotaxin, distinguished pregnant women with itch that would subsequently develop ICP from pruritus gravidarum (group 2: ICP n = 41, pruritus gravidarum n = 14). In a third group of first\u2010trimester samples all progesterone sulfates were significantly elevated in serum from low\u2010risk asymptomatic women who subsequently developed ICP (ICP\/uncomplicated pregnancy n = 54\/51). Finally, we show mechanistically that progesterone sulfates mediate itch by evoking a Tgr5\u2010dependent scratch response in mice.<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>Our discovery that sulfated progesterone metabolites are a prognostic indicator for ICP will help predict onset of ICP and distinguish it from benign pruritus gravidarum, enabling targeted obstetric care to a high\u2010risk population. Delineation of a progesterone sulfate\u2010TGR5 pruritus axis identifies a therapeutic target for itch management in ICP. (H<jats:sc>epatology<\/jats:sc>2016;63:1287\u20131298)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T23:54:38Z","timestamp":1443743678000},"page":"1287-1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Prognostic and mechanistic potential of progesterone sulfates in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus gravidarum"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Shadi","family":"Abu\u2010Hayyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Academic Centre,King's College London,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ovadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Academic Centre,King's College London,London,United 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Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Academic Centre,King's College London,London,United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology,Imperial College London,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"L\u00f6vgren\u2010Sandblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry,Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,Stockholm,Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Bolier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research,Academic Medical Centre,Amsterdam,The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Tolenaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research,Academic Medical Centre,Amsterdam,The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas E.","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research,Academic Medical Centre,Amsterdam,The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine 1,Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University of Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro","family":"Syngelaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine,King's College Hospital,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology,Imperial College London,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women's Health,University College London Hospitals,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose J.G.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL),University of Salamanca, National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd),Salamanca,Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL),University of Salamanca, National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd),Salamanca,Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kypros H.","family":"Nicolaides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine,King's College Hospital,London,United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Beuers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research,Academic Medical Centre,Amsterdam,The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Oude\u2010Elferink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research,Academic Medical Centre,Amsterdam,The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Academic Centre,King's College London,London,United 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