{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T23:11:04Z","timestamp":1788736264232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with metabolic risk factors including hypertension and dyslipidemia and may progress to liver fibrosis. Studies have shown that hepatic steatosis and fibrosis are heritable, but whether they have a significant shared gene effect is unknown. This study examined the shared gene effects between hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and their associations with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross\u2010sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of well\u2010characterized, community\u2010dwelling twins (45 monozygotic, 20 dizygotic twin pairs, 130 total subjects) from southern California. Hepatic steatosis was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging\u2010proton density fat fraction and hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. A standard bivariate twin additive genetics and unique environment effects model was used to estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance between two phenotypes accounted for by additive genetic effects and individual\u2010specific environmental effects. Genetic correlations estimated from this model represent the degree to which the genetic determinants of two phenotypes overlap. Mean (\u00b1 standard deviation) age and body mass index were 47.1 (\u00b121.9) years and 26.2 (\u00b15.8) kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Among the cohort, 20% (26\/130) had hepatic steatosis (magnetic resonance imaging\u2010proton density fat fraction \u22655%), and 8.2% (10\/122) had hepatic fibrosis (magnetic resonance elastography \u22653 kPa). Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), triglycerides, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and low high\u2010density lipoprotein had significant shared gene effects with hepatic steatosis. Triglycerides, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and low high\u2010density lipoprotein had significant shared gene effects with hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis had a highly significant shared gene effect of 0.756 (95% confidence interval 0.716\u20101, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Genes involved with steatosis pathogenesis may also be involved with fibrosis pathogenesis. (H<jats:sc>epatology<\/jats:sc> 2016;64:1547\u20101558)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T23:22:58Z","timestamp":1466205778000},"page":"1547-1558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Shared genetic effects between hepatic steatosis and fibrosis: A prospective twin study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi\u2010Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min\u2010Tzu","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Schork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Biology,J. Craig Venter Institute,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricki","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica P.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Imaging Group,Department of Radiology,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Craig Venter Institute,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle T.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Medicine,Boston University School of Medicine,Boston,MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude B.","family":"Sirlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Imaging Group,Department of Radiology,University of California at San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Loomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NAFLD Research Center,Department of Medicine,University of California at San Diego,La 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