{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:55:10Z","timestamp":1788306910642,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex chronic liver disorder. Examination of parental pregnancy\u2010related characteristics may provide insights into the origins of risk of NAFLD in offspring. We examined relationships between parental pregnancy\u2010related characteristics and NAFLD in 1,170 adolescent offspring aged 17 years participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort Study. Fatty liver was diagnosed using liver ultrasound. NAFLD was diagnosed in 15.2% of adolescents at age 17 years. In univariate analysis, maternal factors associated with NAFLD in female offspring were younger maternal age (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), higher maternal prepregnancy BMI (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), higher maternal weight gain by 18 weeks' gestation (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and maternal smoking during pregnancy (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Paternal age or body mass index (BMI) were not associated with NAFLD in female offspring. In contrast, higher paternal BMI (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), maternal prepregnancy BMI (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and lower family socioeconomic status (SES) at time of birth (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), but not parental age nor maternal gestational weight gain, were associated with NAFLD in male offspring. Using multivariate logistic regression, factors independently associated with NAFLD after adjusting for obesity in adolescent females included maternal obesity (odds ratio [OR], 3.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49\u20108.05; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and maternal weight gain \u22656.0 kg by the 18th week of gestation (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04\u20101.15; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). In adolescent males, family SES at the time of birth (OR, 9.07; 95% CI, 1.54\u201053.29; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) remained significantly associated with NAFLD after multivariate modeling adjusted for adolescent obesity. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Early\u2010life contributors to NAFLD show considerable sexual dimorphism. Maternal obesity and higher early\u2010mid gestational weight gain were associated with NAFLD in female offspring, whereas lower family SES at birth was associated with NAFLD in male offspring independent of adolescent obesity. (H<jats:sc>epatology<\/jats:sc> 2018;67:108\u2010122).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T10:17:08Z","timestamp":1498817828000},"page":"108-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Sex differences between parental pregnancy characteristics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyekoya T.","family":"Ayonrinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacology,The University of Western Australia,Perth,WA,Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Fiona Stanley Hospital,Murdoch,WA,Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences,Curtin University,Bentley,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacology,The University of Western Australia,Perth,WA,Australia"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital,Nedlands,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor A.","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacology,The University of Western Australia,Perth,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence J.","family":"Beilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacology,The University of Western Australia,Perth,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"de Klerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute,The University of Western Australia,Perth,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Pennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants Health,University of Western Australia,Crawley,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants Health,University of Western Australia,Crawley,WA,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K","family":"Olynyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Fiona Stanley Hospital,Murdoch,WA,Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences,Curtin University,Bentley,WA,Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences,Edith Cowan 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