{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:36:10Z","timestamp":1790922970629,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]],"date-time":"2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,30]],"date-time":"2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mdr2)\n                    <jats:sup>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:sup>\n                    mouse model, low phospholipid bile instigates biliary epithelial injury, sterile inflammation, and fibrosis, thereby recapitulating disease mechanisms implicated in biliary atresia (BA) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. We hypothesize that T lymphocytes contribute to the biliary injury and fibrosis in murine sclerosing cholangitis (SC) and that they are susceptible to suppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs). In juvenile Mdr2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice, intrahepatic CD8+ lymphocytes were expanded, and contraction of intrahepatic Tregs coincided with rising serum alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels between days 14\u201030 of life. Antibody\u2010mediated depletion of intrahepatic CD8+ lymphocytes during that time reduced ALP levels and the expression of osteopontin (Opn), a pro\u2010fibrogenic cytokine. Depletion of intrahepatic Tregs with anti\u2010CD25 antibody between days 7\u201030 increased intrahepatic CD8+ T cells, Opn expression, and fibrosis. Conversely, expansion of intrahepatic Tregs with interleukin 2\/anti\u2010interleukin 2 immune complexes (IL\u20102c) downregulated hepatic expression of Opn and Tnf, reduced frequency of intrahepatic CD8+ lymphocytes, and diminished biliary injury and fibrosis. Treatment with IL\u20102c upregulated hepatic Treg expression of CD39, an ectonucleotidase capable of hydrolyzing pro\u2010inflammatory adenosine triphosphate.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n                    Tregs expressing CD39 suppressed the proliferation of hepatic CD8+ lymphocytes from Mdr2\n                    <jats:sup>\u2010\/\u2010<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice more efficiently than those lacking CD39. In infants with BA, infiltration of interlobular bile ducts with CD8+ cells was associated with biliary expression of Opn and its transcription was negatively correlated with mRNA expression of Treg\u2010associated genes.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Hepatic CD8+ T lymphocytes drive biliary injury and fibrosis in murine SC. Their proliferation is controlled by hepatic Tregs through the purinergic pathway, which is responsive to IL\u20102c, suggesting that Treg\u2010directed low\u2010dose Il\u20102 treatment may be considered as therapy for SC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T12:37:12Z","timestamp":1524746232000},"page":"1905-1921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Interleukin 2 Promotes Hepatic Regulatory T Cell Responses and Protects From Biliary Fibrosis in Murine Sclerosing Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra N.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kudira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine S.","family":"Lages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics,University of Calgary,Calgary,AB,Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Karns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Shanmukhappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Almanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunobiology,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire A.","family":"Chougnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunobiology,Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,OH"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander 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