{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:43:52Z","timestamp":1786977832880,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease linked to symptoms including fatigue and altered mood\/cognition, indicating that chronic liver inflammation associated with PBC can impact brain function. We employed near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a noninvasive neuroimaging technique, to determine whether patients with PBC exhibit reduced cerebral oxygen saturation (StO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and altered patterns of microvascular cerebral blood perfusion and whether these alterations were associated with clinical phenotype. This observational case\u2013control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital clinic (University of Calgary Liver Unit).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirteen female patients with noncirrhotic PBC, seven female patients with cirrhotic PBC, and 11 healthy female controls were recruited by physician referral and word of mouth, respectively. NIRS was used to measure cerebral hemoglobin and oxygen saturation. A wavelet phase coherence method was used to estimate the coherent frequency coupling of temporal changes in cerebral hemodynamics. The PBC group demonstrated significantly reduced cerebral StO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.01,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.84), indicating cerebral hypoxia, significantly increased cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.01,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.86), and significantly reduced hemodynamic coherence in the low\u2010frequency band (0.08\u20100.15 Hz) for oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.99) and total hemoglobin (tHb) concentration (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.50), indicating alterations in cerebrovascular activity. Complete biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy in early patients with PBC was associated with increased cerebral tHb concentration and decreased hemodynamic coherence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Using NIRS, patients with PBC were found to have hypoxia, increased cerebral hemoglobin concentration, and altered cerebrovascular activity, which were reversed in part in UDCA responders. In addition, symptoms and quality\u2010of\u2010life measures did not correlate with brain hypoxia or cerebrovascular dysregulation in patients with PBC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T07:05:01Z","timestamp":1568876701000},"page":"1408-1420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Near\u2010Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Brain Hypoxia and Cerebrovascular Dysregulation in Primary Biliary Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Chris C.","family":"Duszynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology,Cumming School of Medicine,University of Calgary,Calgary,Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain 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Zurich,Zurich,Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology,Cumming School of Medicine,University of Calgary,Calgary,Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute,Calgary,Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.G.","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine,Cumming School of Medicine,University of Calgary,Calgary,Canada"},{"name":"Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases,Calgary,Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep30920-bib-0001-20241017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30145","article-title":"Primary biliary cholangitis: 2018 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver 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