{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:32:51Z","timestamp":1793111571244,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We describe the pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of Crigler\u2010Najjar type 1 syndrome (CN1) in 28\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">UGT1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                      c.222C&gt;A homozygotes followed for 520 aggregate patient\u2010years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Unbound (\u201cfree\u201d) bilirubin (B\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was measured in patient sera to characterize the binding of unconjugated bilirubin (B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) to albumin (A) and validate their molar concentration ratio (B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A) as an index of neurological risk. Two custom phototherapy systems were constructed from affordable materials to provide high irradiance in the outpatient setting; light dose was titrated to keep B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A at least 30% below intravascular B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      binding capacity (i.e., B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A\u00a0=\u00a01.0). Categorical clinical outcomes were ascertained by chart review, and a measure (L\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was used to quantify liver fibrosis. Unbound bilirubin had a nonlinear relationship to B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.71) and B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.76), and B\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      as a percentage of B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      correlated inversely to the bilirubin\u2013albumin equilibrium association binding constant (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.69), which varied 10\u2010fold among individuals. In newborns with CN1, unconjugated bilirubin increased 4.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1\u00a0mg\/dL per day. Four (14%) neonates developed kernicterus between days 14 and 45 postnatal days of life; peak B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0\u2265\u00a030\u00a0mg\/dL and B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A\u00a0\u2265\u00a01.0 mol:mol were equally predictive of perinatal brain injury (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.3%, positive predictive value 88.0%), and starting phototherapy after age 13\u00a0days increased this risk 3.5\u2010fold. Consistent phototherapy with 33\u2010103\u00a0\u00b5W\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2022nm for 9.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1\u00a0hours\/day kept B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A within safe limits throughout childhood, but B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased 0.46\u00a0mg\/dL per year to reach dangerous concentrations by 18\u00a0years of age. Liver transplantation (n\u00a0=\u00a017) normalized B\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                      and eliminated phototherapy dependence. Liver explants showed fibrosis ranging from mild to severe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven decades after its discovery, CN1 remains a morbid and potentially fatal disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T18:19:07Z","timestamp":1569435547000},"page":"1923-1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Crigler\u2010Najjar Syndrome Type 1: Pathophysiology, Natural History, and Therapeutic Frontier"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"},{"name":"Penn\u2010Lancaster General Hospital,Lancaster,PA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular,Cell & Cancer Biology,University of Massachusetts School of Medicine,Worcester,MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Ahlfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics,Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Soltys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery,Division of Pediatric Transplantation,Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation,UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George V.","family":"Mazareigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery,Division of Pediatric Transplantation,Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation,UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millie","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Bowser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics,Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University,Philadelphia,PA"},{"name":"Diagnostic Referral Division,Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children,Wilmington,DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Squires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Pediatrics,UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"McKiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,UPMC Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center,Pittsburgh,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlla W.","family":"Brigatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Puffenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Special Children,Strasburg,PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik 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