{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:49:53Z","timestamp":1791380993885,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Development of intestinal failure\u2013associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common complication of long\u2010term parenteral nutrition (PN) in children and adults. The molecular and cellular mechanisms and the phases of IFALD are now being delineated. Components of PN lipid emulsions, including plant sterols, interact with hepatic innate immune activation promoted by products of gut bacterial overgrowth\/dysbiosis and altered intestinal barrier function (gut\u2010liver axis) and by episodes of sepsis to cause cholestasis and IFALD. New therapeutic strategies, including modifications of intravenous lipid emulsions to reduce pro\u2010inflammatory fatty acids and plant sterol content, can lower the risk of IFALD, reverse cholestasis, and reduce complications, although the significance of persisting hepatic fibrosis is unknown. This review will provide an update on advances in the pathogenesis of IFALD, newer therapeutic and preventative strategies, and challenges that confront managing patients with IFALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T03:26:15Z","timestamp":1580441175000},"page":"1486-1498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["New Insights Into Intestinal Failure\u2013Associated Liver Disease in Children"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Racha T.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Department of Pediatrics,Digestive Health Institute,Children's Hospital Colorado,University of Colorado School of Medicine,Aurora,CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Department of Pediatrics,Digestive Health Institute,Children's Hospital Colorado,University of Colorado School of Medicine,Aurora,CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep31152-bib-0001-20241017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300274","article-title":"Intestinal failure\u2010associated liver disease in hospitalised children","volume":"97","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"hep31152-bib-0002-20241017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.121756","article-title":"Outcome of home parenteral nutrition in 251 children over a 14\u2010y period: report of a single center","volume":"103","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin 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