{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T23:06:52Z","timestamp":1774739212756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mucosal\u2010associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are nonconventional T cells restricted to major histocompatibility complex class I\u2013related protein 1 (MR1). They are highly abundant in human liver and activated by T\u2010cell receptor (TCR)\u2010dependent and TCR\u2010independent mechanisms to exhibit rapid, innate\u2010like effector responses. However, the roles of MAIT cells in chronic HBV infection are still open for study. This study aims to test their antiviral potential and investigate their dynamic changes and regulating factors during chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Blood samples from 257 chronic HBV\u2010infected patients were enrolled, and nontumor liver specimens were collected from 58 HBV\u2010infected HCC patients. Combining cell\u2010culture experiments and human data, we showed that MAIT cells had strong cytotoxicity against HBV\u2010transfected hepatocytes in an MR1\u2010dependent way. However, circulating and hepatic MAIT cells in HBV\u2010infected patients decreased significantly compared to controls. Correlation analysis suggested that MAIT cell frequency was associated with disease progression and inversely correlated with serum\u2010conjugated bilirubin level. In particular, conjugated bilirubin not only directly promoted MAIT cell activation and apoptosis, but also impaired TCR\u2010induced proliferation and expansion of MAIT cells, which could be partially rescued by IL\u20102 in the absence of conjugated bilirubin. Despite that MAIT cells from patients with high conjugated bilirubin levels showed decreased cytokine\u2010producing capacity, the increased TCR\u2010dependent antiviral cytokine production suggested MAIT cells as an important guardian of chronic HBV with high conjugated bilirubin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reveal the MR1\u2010dependent, anti\u2010HBV potential of MAIT cells and identify conjugated bilirubin as a major factor dysregulating its frequency and function in chronic HBV\u2010infected patients, suggesting a therapeutic target for MAIT\u2010cell\u2013based immunity against chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T15:58:35Z","timestamp":1603209515000},"page":"1671-1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Mucosal\u2010Associated Invariant T Cell Dysregulation Correlates With Conjugated Bilirubin Level in Chronic HBV Infection"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology,School of Basic Medicine,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China"},{"name":"School of Nursing,Nanchang University,Nanchang,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and 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College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology,School of Basic Medicine,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology,School of Basic Medicine,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Science and Technology,Wuhan,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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