{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:55:19Z","timestamp":1790776519508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholangiopathies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, and cholangiocarcinoma, have limited experimental models. Not only cholangiocytes but also other hepatic cells including hepatic stellate cells and macrophages are involved in the pathophysiology of cholangiopathies, and these hepatic cells orchestrate the coordinated response against diseased conditions. Classic two\u2010dimensional monolayer cell cultures do not resemble intercellular cell\u2010to\u2010cell interaction and communication; however, three\u2010dimensional cell culture systems, such as organoids and spheroids, can mimic cellular interaction and architecture between hepatic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the generation of hepatic or biliary organoids\/spheroids using various cell sources including pluripotent stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, primary cells from liver biopsies, and immortalized cell lines. Gene manipulation, such as transfection and transduction can be performed in organoids, and established organoids have functional characteristics which can be suitable for drug screening. This review summarizes current methodologies for organoid\/spheroid formation and a potential for three\u2010dimensional hepatic cell cultures as <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic> models of cholangiopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T05:03:23Z","timestamp":1606021403000},"page":"491-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Organoids and Spheroids as Models for Studying Cholestatic Liver Injury and Cholangiocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisaku","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery,Department of Surgery,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-0634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Safarikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Translational Medicine,Sapienza University of Rome,Rome,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Isidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery,Department of Surgery,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery,Department of Surgery,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1055-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery,Department of Surgery,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"},{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit,Department of Medicine,University of Rome Tor Vergata,Rome,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Alvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Translational Medicine,Sapienza University of Rome,Rome,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology,Texas A&M University,Bryan,TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcin","family":"Ekser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery,Department of Surgery,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Alpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,Indiana University School of Medicine,Indianapolis,IN"},{"name":"Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center,Indianapolis,IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep31653-bib-0001-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.011","article-title":"Animal models for liver disease\u2014a practical approach for translational research","volume":"73","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0002-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.049","article-title":"Tissue engineering of the biliary tract and modelling of cholestatic disorders","volume":"73","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0003-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319256","article-title":"Liver organoids: from basic research to therapeutic applications","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0004-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7567","article-title":"Organoids by design","volume":"364","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0005-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1608950","article-title":"Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0006-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1506330","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"375","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0007-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0310-z","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0008-20250824","article-title":"Intercellular communication between hepatic cells in liver diseases","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0009-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.06.015","article-title":"The secretin\/secretin receptor axis modulates ductular reaction and liver fibrosis through changes in transforming growth factor\u2010beta1\u2010mediated biliary senescence","volume":"188","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0010-20250824","article-title":"Changes in protein expression in two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines undergoing formation of multicellular tumor spheroids in vitro","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0011-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjaa013","article-title":"Progress in human liver organoids","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0012-20250824","article-title":"Human hepatic organoids for the analysis of human genetic diseases","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0013-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.028","article-title":"Generation of hepatobiliary organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0014-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.010","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived organoids as models of liver disease","volume":"159","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0015-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.044107","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 5 (and 6)\u2010carboxy\u20102',7'\u2010dichlorofluorescein and its diacetate promoiety in the liver","volume":"304","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0016-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.007","article-title":"Modeling steatohepatitis in humans with pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived organoids","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0017-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0242-8","article-title":"Human ESC\u2010derived expandable hepatic organoids enable therapeutic liver repopulation and pathophysiological modeling of alcoholic liver injury","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0018-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9657-5","article-title":"Efficient and controlled generation of 2D and 3D bile duct tissue from human pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived spheroids","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0019-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30150","article-title":"Ductular reaction in liver diseases: pathological mechanisms and translational significances","volume":"69","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0020-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11826","article-title":"In vitro expansion of single Lgr5+ liver stem cells induced by Wnt\u2010driven regeneration","volume":"494","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0021-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.097","article-title":"Culture and establishment of self\u2010renewing human and mouse adult liver and pancreas 3D organoids and their genetic manipulation","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0022-20250824","article-title":"Bioengineered bile ducts recapitulate key cholangiocyte functions","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0023-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.050","article-title":"Long\u2010term culture of genome\u2010stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver","volume":"160","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0024-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-0472-5","article-title":"Fast and efficient generation of knock\u2010in human organoids using homology\u2010independent CRISPR\u2010Cas9 precision genome editing","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0025-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4360","article-title":"Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0026-20250824","article-title":"Generation of organoids from mouse extrahepatic bile ducts","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0027-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0168-0","article-title":"Isolation and propagation of primary human cholangiocyte organoids for the generation of bioengineered biliary tissue","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0028-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.06.017","article-title":"Mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to injury","volume":"1864","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0029-20250824","article-title":"Regional differences in human biliary tissues and corresponding in vitro derived organoids","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0030-20250824","article-title":"Biophysical control of bile duct epithelial morphogenesis in natural and synthetic scaffolds","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0031-20250824","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma progression","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0032-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.01.013","article-title":"Transforming growth factors \u03b1 and \u03b2 are essential for modeling cholangiocarcinoma desmoplasia and progression in a three\u2010dimensional organotypic culture model","volume":"187","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0033-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26993","article-title":"Cholangiocyte senescence by way of N\u2010ras activation is a characteristic of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"59","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0034-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.94","article-title":"Characterization of cultured cholangiocytes isolated from livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"94","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0035-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.63","article-title":"Development and characterization of cholangioids from normal and diseased human cholangiocytes as an in vitro model to study primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"97","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0036-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30470","article-title":"Bile\u2010derived organoids from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis recapitulate their inflammatory immune profile","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0037-20250824","article-title":"Innate immunity and pathogenesis of biliary atresia","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0038-20250824","article-title":"Identification of a plant isoflavonoid that causes biliary atresia","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0039-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28599","article-title":"The toxin biliatresone causes mouse extrahepatic cholangiocyte damage and fibrosis through decreased glutathione and SOX17","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0040-20250824","article-title":"Extrahepatic cholangiocyte obstruction is mediated by decreased glutathione, Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in a toxic model of biliary atresia","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0041-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.06.012","article-title":"Beta\u2010amyloid deposition around hepatic bile ducts is a novel pathobiological and diagnostic feature of biliary atresia","volume":"73","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0042-20250824","article-title":"Neuroendocrine changes in cholangiocarcinoma growth","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0043-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.03.026","article-title":"Animal models of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"1865","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0044-20250824","article-title":"Development of primary human pancreatic cancer organoids, matched stromal and immune cells and 3D tumor microenvironment models","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0045-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4438","article-title":"Human primary liver cancer\u2013derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0046-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.001","article-title":"Organoid models of human liver cancers derived from tumor needle biopsies","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0047-20250824","article-title":"Human primary liver cancer organoids reveal intratumor and interpatient drug response heterogeneity","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0048-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1733528","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: novel therapeutic targets","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0049-20250824","article-title":"Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors as targeted cancer therapeutics","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0050-20250824","article-title":"Mutant IDH1 confers resistance to energy stress in normal biliary cells through PFKP\u2010induced aerobic glycolysis and AMPK activation","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0051-20250824","article-title":"Loss of BAP1 expression occurs frequently in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0052-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.04.017","article-title":"Probing the tumor suppressor function of BAP1 in CRISPR\u2010engineered human liver organoids","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0053-20250824","first-page":"81A","article-title":"Mast cell\u2013derived histamine regulates cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) phenotypes in human CCA and novel 3D culture spheroids via TMEM173\/STING signaling","volume":"72","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0054-20250824","first-page":"696","article-title":"3D bioprinted intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma model and 7\u2010day perfusion with gemcitabine and cisplatin: modeling the tumor microenvironment and response to chemotherapy","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0055-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0402-6","article-title":"Epigenetic remodelling licences adult cholangiocytes for organoid formation and liver regeneration","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"hep31653-bib-0056-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008616","article-title":"Gene manipulation in liver ductal organoids by optimized recombinant adeno\u2010associated virus vectors","volume":"294","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hep.31653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hep.31653","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.31653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1756076561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.31653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31653","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139","1527-3350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-3350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}