{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:37:58Z","timestamp":1782805078194,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Chronic liver diseases (CLD) affect approximately 2% of the U.S. population and are associated with substantial burden of hospitalization and costs. We estimated the national burden and consequences of financial hardship from medical bills in individuals with CLD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using the National Health Interview Survey from 2014 to 2018, we identified individuals with self\u2010reported CLD. We used complex weighted survey analysis to obtain national estimates of financial hardship from medical bills and other financial toxicity measures (eg, cost\u2010related medication nonadherence, personal and\/or health care\u2013related financial distress, food insecurity). We evaluated the association of financial hardship from medical bills with unplanned health care use and work productivity, accounting for differences in age, sex, race\/ethnicity, insurance, income, education, and comorbidities. Of the 3,666 (representing 5.3\u00a0million) U.S. adults with CLD, 1,377 (representing 2\u00a0million [37%, 95% CI: 35%\u201039%]) reported financial hardship from medical bills, including 549 (representing 740,000 [14%, 95% CI: 13%\u201016%]) who were unable to pay medical bills at all. Adults who were unable to pay medical bills had 8.4\u2010times higher odds of cost\u2010related medication nonadherence (adjusted OR [aOR], 8.39 [95% CI, 5.72\u201012.32]), 6.3\u2010times higher odds of financial distress (aOR, 6.33 [4.44\u20109.03]), and 5.6\u2010times higher odds of food insecurity (aOR, 5.59 [3.74\u20108.37]), as compared to patients without financial hardship from medical bills. Patients unable to pay medical bills had 1.9\u2010times higher odds of emergency department visits (aOR, 1.85 [1.33\u20102.57]) and 1.8\u2010times higher odds of missing work due to disease (aOR, 1.83 [1.26\u20102.67]).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One in 3 adults with CLD experience financial hardship from medical bills, and frequently experience financial toxicity and unplanned healthcare use. These financial determinates of health have important implications in the context of value\u2010based care.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T22:02:06Z","timestamp":1616796126000},"page":"1509-1522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Financial Hardship From Medical Bills Among Adults With Chronic Liver Diseases: National Estimates From the United States"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Lago\u2010Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine,Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4043-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nghia H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Khera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine,Yale School of Medicine,New Haven,CT"},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation,Yale New Haven Hospital,New Haven,CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Loomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La Jolla,CA"},{"name":"NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La Jolla,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9174-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeet K.","family":"Asrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University Medical Center,Dallas,TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2640-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La Jolla,CA"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine,University of California, San Diego,La 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