{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:33:06Z","timestamp":1781796786308,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune liver diseases are attributed to a complex interplay of biologic, acquired, and environmental factors. Increased prevalence, later stage at presentation, worse response to standard therapy, and transplant\u2010related disparities have all been reported in racial and ethnic minorities such as Black and Latinx patients with autoimmune liver diseases. While biology and inherited genetic predispositions may partly explain these disparities, definitive and universal genetic variations underlying these differences in outcomes have not been defined. Nonetheless, socioeconomic status, access to health care, environmental and societal factors, and implicit provider bias can all contribute to poor patient outcomes. There remains an unmet need to understand and mitigate the factors contributing to health inequity in autoimmune liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the data on racial and ethnic disparities in presentation, treatment response, and outcomes pertaining to autoimmune liver diseases in minority populations, on the premise that understanding disparities is the first step toward reaching health equity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T04:37:20Z","timestamp":1622435840000},"page":"2876-2887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["We Are Not Immune: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Autoimmune Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian T.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Transplant Institute,Loma Linda University Health,Loma Linda,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele M.","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Liver Center,University of California,San Francisco,CA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center,University of California,San Francisco,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA"},{"name":"Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA"},{"name":"Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep31985-bib-0001-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2016.09.011","article-title":"Infectious disease issues in underserved populations","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"hep31985-bib-0002-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302903","article-title":"Implicit 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