{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:18:08Z","timestamp":1791598688635,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the USA, HBV is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis and is a major cause of liver cancer. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of past and present HBV infection, susceptibility to HBV infection, and vaccine\u2010induced immunity to hepatitis B among the US population during 2013\u20102018.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prevalence estimates and 95% CIs were analyzed using 2013\u20102018 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serologic testing among noninstitutionalized persons aged \u2265 6\u00a0years was used for classifying persons as total hepatitis B core antibody (anti\u2010HBc), indicative of current or previous (ever having had) HBV infection; HBsAg, indicative of current HBV infection; and antibody to ABsAg (anti\u2010HBs), indicative of immunity attributable to hepatitis B vaccination. Persons who tested negative for anti\u2010HBc, HBsAg, and anti\u2010HBs were considered susceptible to HBV infection. Non\u2013US\u2010born residents accounted for 69.1% of the population with chronic HBV infection and were 9.1 times more likely to be living with chronic hepatitis B, compared with US\u2010born persons. Among adults aged \u2265 25\u00a0years who resided in US households, an estimated 155.8\u00a0million persons (or 73.4%) were susceptible to HBV infection, and an estimated 45.4\u00a0million had vaccine\u2010induced immunity to hepatitis B. Men who have sex with men (MSM) were 3.6 times more likely to have ever been infected with HBV; however, MSM were just as likely to have vaccine\u2010induced immunity to hepatitis B as non\u2010MSM.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Despite increasing immune protection among young persons vaccinated after birth, the estimated prevalence of persons living with chronic hepatitis B in the USA has remained unchanged at 0.3% since 1999.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T12:20:39Z","timestamp":1623068439000},"page":"2353-2365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Prevalence of HBV Infection, Vaccine\u2010Induced Immunity, and Susceptibility Among At\u2010Risk Populations: US Households, 2013\u20102018"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen N.","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoman","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyasu","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Jiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,National Center for HIV\/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis,STD and TB Prevention,Atlanta,GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep31991-bib-0001-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13060","article-title":"Awareness of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States: an update from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepal"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0002-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz001","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections in the United States, 2011\u20102016","volume":"69","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0003-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age\u2010specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0004-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0005-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28109","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in U.S. households\u2014National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1988\u20102012","volume":"63","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0006-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"Viral hepatitis among non\u2010Hispanic Asian adults in the United States, 2011\u20102014","volume":"225","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"RR\u20101","key":"hep31991-bib-0008-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0010-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6740a4","article-title":"Vaccination coverage among children aged 19\u201035 months\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0011-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6933a1","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201017 years\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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National Center for Health Statistics","volume":"162","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0017-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 2007\u20102010. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":"160","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0018-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 1999\u20102006. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":"155","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"key":"hep31991-bib-0019-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010. Vital and Health Statistics. 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