{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:49:31Z","timestamp":1792838971520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) disproportionately affects young women, which may have implications in pregnancy. However, data on pregnancy outcomes in women with AIH are limited.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Approach and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using weighted discharge data from the United States National Inpatient Sample from 2012 to 2016, we evaluated pregnancies after 20\u00a0weeks gestation and compared outcomes in AIH to other chronic liver diseases (CLD) or no CLD in pregnancy. The association of AIH with maternal and perinatal outcomes was assessed by logistic regression. Among 18,595,345 pregnancies, 935 (&lt;0.001%) had AIH (60 with cirrhosis) and 120,100 (0.006%) had other CLD (845 with cirrhosis). Temporal trends in pregnancies with AIH remained stable from 2008 to 2016 with 1.4\u20136.8\/100,000 pregnancies per year (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.25). On adjusted analysis, the odds of gestational diabetes (GDM) and hypertensive complications (pre\u2010eclampsia, eclampsia, or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) were significantly higher in AIH compared to other CLD (GDM: OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.5\u20133.9, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; hypertensive complications: OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0\u20133.2, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05) and also compared to no CLD in pregnancy (GDM: OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6\u20133.6, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; hypertensive complications: OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3\u20134.1, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003). AIH was also associated with preterm births when compared with women without CLD (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2\u20133.5, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). AIH was not associated with postpartum hemorrhage, maternal, or perinatal death.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Rates of pregnancy in women with AIH have remained stable in recent years, although AIH is associated with notable maternal and perinatal risks, such as GDM, hypertensive complications, and preterm birth. Whether these risks are influenced by steroid use and\/or AIH disease activity warrants evaluation. These data support a low risk of postpartum hemorrhage and favorable survival of mothers and infants.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T22:40:11Z","timestamp":1630190411000},"page":"5-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Outcomes of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: A\u00a0population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Connie W.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,California,USA"},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Liver Center,San Francisco,California,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Grab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,California,USA"},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Liver Center,San Francisco,California,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele M.","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,California,USA"},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Liver Center,San Francisco,California,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanna A.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,California,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Medicine,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,California,USA"},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Liver Center,San Francisco,California,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep32132-bib-0001-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0002-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"72","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0003-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.69","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0004-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.020","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry\u2010based cohort study","volume":"60","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0005-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.946083","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in the Netherlands","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0006-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.061","article-title":"Trends in incidence of autoimmune liver diseases and increasing incidence of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0007-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00479.x","article-title":"Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors","volume":"101","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J 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Med"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0019-20250824","first-page":"504","article-title":"Management of autoimmune hepatitis in pregnant women","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0020-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.1.97","article-title":"Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0021-20250824","first-page":"315","article-title":"Outcomes of pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a national population\u2010based study","volume":"110","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0022-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2018.1482884","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity is an independent risk factor for autoimmune hepatitis among the San Francisco underserved","volume":"51","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0023-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.456","article-title":"Hospitalizations for autoimmune hepatitis disproportionately affect Black and Latino Americans","volume":"113","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"hep32132-bib-0024-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12411","article-title":"Trends and state variations in out\u2010of\u2010hospital births in the United States, 2004\u20132017","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Berkeley Calif"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hep.32132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hep.32132","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.32132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T23:01:15Z","timestamp":1756076475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.32132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32132","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139","1527-3350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-3350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-19","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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