{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:15:30Z","timestamp":1790972130869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is not always sufficient to prevent progression to hepatic decompensation and\/or need for liver transplant. Adjuvant therapy with obeticholic acid may provide additional biochemical improvements in some patients, but it is not well\u2010tolerated by patients with significant itch or advanced cirrhosis. Thus, new and creative approaches to treating patients with PBC are important to identify. This review discusses major potential therapeutic targets in PBC and provides examples of some specific agents currently in development for the treatment of PBC. Targets are broadly classified into those which strive to modify bile, inflammation, cell survival, or fibrosis. In bile, shrinking the size of the bile acid pool or modifying the quality of the bile by making it more hydrophilic or enriched in phosphatidylcholine may ameliorate cholestatic injury. Biliary epithelial cell survival may be extended by fortifying the bicarbonate umbrella or improving cell membrane integrity. Autoimmunity and cholangitis have the potential to be improved via regulation of the immune system. Targeting cytokines, immune checkpoints, and anti\u2010mitochondrial antibodies are examples of a more focused immunosuppression approach. Stem cell therapy and lymphocyte trafficking inhibition are more novel methods of broad immune regulation. Anti\u2010fibrotic therapies are also potentially useful for preventing progression of PBC. The nuclear hormone receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor (PPAR) regulate many of these pathways: cholestasis, inflammation, and fibrosis, which is why they are being enthusiastically pursued as potential therapeutic targets in PBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T11:34:11Z","timestamp":1644752051000},"page":"518-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Mechanisms and molecules: What are the treatment targets for primary biliary cholangitis?"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlyn J.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine,University of Texas Southwestern University,Dallas,Texas,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0001-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000371670","article-title":"Bile acids as hormones: the FXR\u2013FGF15\/19 pathway","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"hep32405-bib-0002-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1209","article-title":"NGM282 for treatment of patients with primary biliary cholangitis: a multicenter, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0003-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1305","article-title":"A randomized, controlled, phase 2 study of maralixibat in the treatment of itching associated with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"10074","key":"hep32405-bib-0004-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30319-7","article-title":"Effect of ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor GSK2330672 on pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis: a double\u2010blind, randomised, placebo\u2010controlled, crossover, phase 2a study","volume":"389","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0005-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.209353","article-title":"All\u2010trans\u2010retinoic acid improves cholestasis in alpha\u2010naphthylisothiocyanate\u2010treated rats and Mdr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"349","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"47","key":"hep32405-bib-0006-20250824","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double\u2010blind trial comparing the efficacy and safety of TUDCA and UDCA in Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0007-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00061-7","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis: lesson for the future?","volume":"34","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0008-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22428","article-title":"Biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long\u2010term prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0009-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.029","article-title":"Excellent long\u2010term survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"130","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0010-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.05.006","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation of the AE2\/SLC4A2 gene in PBC","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0011-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25691","article-title":"Up\u2010regulation of microRNA 506 leads to decreased Cl\u2212\/HCO3 \u2212 anion exchanger 2 expression in biliary epithelium of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"56","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"hep32405-bib-0012-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.020","article-title":"Primary biliary cholangitis: a tale of epigenetically\u2010induced secretory failure?","volume":"69","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0013-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344218","article-title":"Anion exchanger 2 is critical for CD8+ T cells to maintain pHi homeostasis and modulate immune responses","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"hep32405-bib-0014-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00315.x","article-title":"Effect of S\u2010adenosylmethionine versus tauroursodeoxycholic acid on bile acid\u2013induced apoptosis and cytolysis in rat hepatocytes","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0015-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.273.icz","article-title":"Effect of S\u2010adenosyl\u2010L\u2010methionine on liver biochemistry and quality of life in patients with primary biliary cholangitis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. A prospective, open label pilot study","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0016-20250824","first-page":"1","article-title":"S\u2010Adenosyl\u2010L\u2010methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease","volume":"64","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ)"},{"issue":"4","key":"hep32405-bib-0017-20250824","article-title":"Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0018-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90065-W","article-title":"A controlled trial of prednisolone treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis. Three\u2010year results","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0019-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.011","article-title":"A placebo\u2010controlled randomised trial of budesonide for PBC following an insufficient response to UDCA","volume":"74","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0020-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310209","article-title":"Oral budesonide in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"hep32405-bib-0021-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70351-3","article-title":"Oral budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a prospective double\u2010blind trial","volume":"117","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"hep32405-bib-0022-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20646","article-title":"Budesonide combined with UDCA to improve liver histology in primary biliary cirrhosis: a three\u2010year randomized trial","volume":"41","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0023-20250824","first-page":"567","article-title":"Combination therapy of ursodeoxycholic acid and budesonide for PBC\u2010AIH overlap syndrome: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0024-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90213-6","article-title":"Beneficial effect of azathioprine and prediction of prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Final results of an international trial","volume":"89","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5 Pt. 1","key":"hep32405-bib-0025-20250824","first-page":"656","article-title":"A prospective controlled trial of azathioprine in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"70","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0026-20250824","first-page":"168","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis in patients with an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0027-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20897","article-title":"Methotrexate (MTX) plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"42","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0028-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90422-9","article-title":"Cyclosporin A treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a long\u2010term placebo controlled trial","volume":"104","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"23","key":"hep32405-bib-0029-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198612043152304","article-title":"A prospective trial of colchicine for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"315","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0030-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80053-3","article-title":"A controlled trial of colchicine in primary biliary cirrhosis. Trial design and preliminary report","volume":"5","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0031-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90300-9","article-title":"Evaluation of colchicine therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"95","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0032-20250824","article-title":"Colchicine for primary biliary cirrhosis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"hep32405-bib-0033-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050613","article-title":"A prospective clinical trial of D\u2010penicillamine in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"5","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"16","key":"hep32405-bib-0034-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198504183121602","article-title":"Trial of penicillamine in advanced primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"312","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0035-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.2.114","article-title":"Double blind controlled trial of d\u2010penicillamine in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"26","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"hep32405-bib-0036-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90183-6","article-title":"Randomized trial of chlorambucil for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"91","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"hep32405-bib-0037-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1818","article-title":"Concise review: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of acute liver failure and cirrhosis","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0038-20250824","first-page":"7492836","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol (Amst)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"hep32405-bib-0039-20250824","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pilot study of umbilical cord\u2013derived mesenchymal stem cell transfusion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"28","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"20","key":"hep32405-bib-0040-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0500","article-title":"Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with UDCA\u2010resistant primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0041-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1170","article-title":"NI\u20100801, an anti\u2010chemokine (C\u2010X\u2010C motif) ligand 10 antibody, in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"24","key":"hep32405-bib-0042-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810440","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants","volume":"360","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"hep32405-bib-0043-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.627","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide meta\u2010analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0044-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28359","article-title":"Ustekinumab for patients with primary biliary cholangitis who have an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: a proof\u2010of\u2010concept study","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0045-20250824","first-page":"254","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA expression in the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB)","volume":"105","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0046-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100107","article-title":"Baricitinib and primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"4","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0047-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.04.005","article-title":"Therapeutic trials of biologics in primary biliary cholangitis: an open label study of abatacept and review of the literature","volume":"101","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0048-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01211.x","article-title":"The relationship between hepatic immunoglobulin production and CD154 expression in chronic liver diseases","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0049-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1361.062","article-title":"Soluble CD40L in plasma of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"1051","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0050-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24630","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M levels inversely correlate with CD40 ligand promoter methylation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0051-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24748","article-title":"Biochemical and immunologic effects of rituximab in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"hep32405-bib-0052-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.51","article-title":"B\u2010cell depletion with rituximab in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis refractory to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"108","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0053-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30099","article-title":"Rituximab is ineffective for treatment of fatigue in primary biliary cholangitis: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0054-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G709","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00451.2010","article-title":"Therapeutic targets in liver fibrosis","volume":"300","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"hep32405-bib-0055-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0093-9","article-title":"Knockout of secretin receptor reduces biliary damage and liver fibrosis in Mdr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice by diminishing senescence of cholangiocytes","volume":"98","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0056-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00188.x","article-title":"Effect of acute pentoxifylline treatment in an experimental model of colitis","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"hep32405-bib-0057-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02324.x","article-title":"A pilot study of pentoxifylline for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"95","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"hep32405-bib-0058-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0744-1","article-title":"Moexipril for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis in patients with an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"55","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0059-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30002-7","article-title":"GS\u201002\u2010efficacy of GKT831 in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: interim efficacy results of a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0060-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70242-8","article-title":"Bile acid feeding induces cholangiocyte proliferation and secretion: evidence for bile acid\u2010regulated ductal secretion","volume":"116","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"hep32405-bib-0061-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663","article-title":"Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"32","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"hep32405-bib-0062-20250824","first-page":"359","article-title":"Linking human beta retrovirus infection with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"hep32405-bib-0063-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03799.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: randomized controlled study of zidovudine and lamivudine for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis stabilized on ursodiol","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0064-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313332","article-title":"Gut microbial profile is altered in primary biliary cholangitis and partially restored after UDCA therapy","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"hep32405-bib-0065-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13031018","article-title":"The gut\u2013liver axis in cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"hep32405-bib-0066-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509840","article-title":"A placebo\u2010controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"375","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0067-20250824","first-page":"31A","article-title":"The nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist cilofexor improves liver biochemistry in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): a phase 2, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"23","key":"hep32405-bib-0070-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714519","article-title":"A placebo\u2010controlled trial of bezafibrate in primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"378","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"hep32405-bib-0071-20250824","first-page":"2757","article-title":"Combination therapy of fenofibrate and ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who respond incompletely to UDCA monotherapy: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"hep32405-bib-0072-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30246-7","article-title":"Seladelpar (MBX\u20108025), a selective PPAR\u2010delta agonist, in patients with primary biliary cholangitis with an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: a double\u2010blind, randomised, placebo\u2010controlled, phase 2, proof\u2010of\u2010concept study","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 3","key":"hep32405-bib-0073-20250824","first-page":"5","article-title":"ENHANCE: safety and efficacy of seladelpar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis\u2014a phase 3, international, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled study","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"6","key":"hep32405-bib-0074-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.013","article-title":"A randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial of elafibranor in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and incomplete response to UDCA","volume":"74","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"hep32405-bib-0075-20250824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.08.025","article-title":"Proof\u2010of\u2010concept study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of saroglitazar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"76","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hep.32405","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hep.32405","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.32405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T23:07:38Z","timestamp":1756076858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep.32405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32405","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139","1527-3350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-3350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}