{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:08:37Z","timestamp":1788444517242,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease of unclear etiology characterized by loss of self\u2010tolerance that can lead to liver injury, cirrhosis, and acute liver failure. First\u2010line treatment consists of systemic corticosteroids, or budesonide, and azathioprine, to which most patients are initially responsive, although predictors of response are lacking. Relapses are very common, correlate with histological activity despite normal serum transaminases, and increase hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, current regimens lead to adverse effects and reduced quality of life, whereas medication titration is imprecise. Biomarkers that can predict the clinical course of disease, identify patients at elevated risk for relapse, and improve monitoring and medication dosing beyond current practice would have high clinical value. Herein, we review novel candidate biomarkers in adult and pediatric AIH based on prespecified criteria, including gene expression profiles, proteins, metabolites, and immune cell phenotypes in different stages of AIH. We also discuss biomarkers relevant to AIH from other immune diseases. We conclude with proposed future directions in which biomarker implementation into clinical practice could lead to advances in personalized therapeutic management of AIH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T10:49:29Z","timestamp":1653475769000},"page":"1862-1879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Harrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago,Illinois,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department,Yale School of Medicine,New Haven,Connecticut,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara L.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado,University of Colorado School of Medicine,Aurora,Colorado,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cravedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology,Icahn School of\u00a0Medicine at Mount Sinai,New York,New York,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Digestive Diseases,Yale School of Medicine,New Haven,Connecticut,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Levitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Northwestern University Feinberg School of 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