{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:40:52Z","timestamp":1788381652401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":6544,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Although gallbladder stasis exists in most patients with cholesterol gallstones, it is unknown whether stasis is a causative factor of gallstone disease or merely a consequence of it. We studied the impact of sustained gallbladder stasis induced by a cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor antagonist (MK-329) on gallstone formation in ground squirrels fed either a trace or a high-cholesterol diet. MK-329 markedly inhibited gallbladder contraction <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic> in response to CCK (at EC<jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>, control: 3.6 \u00b1 0.5 vs. MK-329: 1.1 \u00b1 0.3 g; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) and increased gallbladder fasting volume <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic> (control: 462 \u00b1 66 vs. MK-329: 1,004 \u00b1 121 \u03bcL <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Whereas the high-cholesterol diet alone (1%-cholesterol diet + placebo) increased the cholesterol saturation index (CSI) in control animals (trace-cholesterol diet + placebo), MK-329 significantly (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) decreased the CSI in both hepatic and gallbladder bile in animals on the trace-(trace-cholesterol diet + MK-329) as well as on the high-cholesterol diets (1%-cholesterol diet + MK-329). The mucin content of the mucus layer on the epithelial surface of the gallbladder wall more than doubled (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) with the high-cholesterol diet; adding MK-329 to the latter group produced a further 82% increase (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). The cholesterol diet + MK-329 group had the highest (100%) incidence of cholesterol crystals that were evident in fresh gallbladder bile, coincident with a shortened nucleation time (2.5 \u00b1 0.6 days; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05 vs. the cholesterol diet + placebo group, 5.8 \u00b1 1.0 days or the other 2 groups, &gt;21 days). Bile from animals on the trace-cholesterol diet, whether or not receiving MK-329, lacked crystals in bile and exhibited a normal nucleation time (&gt;21 days). Thus, stasis per se may lower the CSI, but its detrimental effect on the gallbladder predominates locally, and so accelerates cholesterol crystal formation in this model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T23:18:09Z","timestamp":1090970289000},"page":"831-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sustained gallbladder stasis promotes cholesterol gallstone formation in the ground squirrel"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Q","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Mantle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J G","family":"Pauletzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E A","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.510260404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-199710000-00004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T15:38:27Z","timestamp":1738942707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-199710000-00004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.510260404","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}}}