{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:24:15Z","timestamp":1778541855296,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":6056,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>The clinical effectiveness of ursodeoxycholate in the treatment of liver disease may be limited by its poor absorption and extensive biotransformation. Because <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies suggest that the more hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholate has greater beneficial effects than ursodeoxycholate, we have compared for the first time the absorption, metabolism, and clinical responses to these bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Twelve female patients with PBC were sequentially administered tauroursodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate (750 mg\/d for 2 months) in a randomized, cross\u2013over study. Bile acids were measured in serum, duodenal bile, urine, and feces by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). Biliary ursodeoxycholate enrichment was higher during tauroursodeoxycholate administration (32.6% vs. 29.2% during ursodeoxycholate; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Lithocholic acid concentration was consistently higher in all biological fluids during ursodeoxycholate administration. Fecal bile acid excretion was the major route of elimination of both bile acids; ursodeoxycholate accounted for 8% and 23% of the total fecal bile acids during tauroursodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate administration, respectively (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Tauroursodeoxycholate was better absorbed than ursodeoxycholate, and, although it was partially deconjugated and reconjugated with glycine, it underwent reduced biotransformation to more hydrophobic metabolites. This comparative study suggests that tauroursodeoxycholate has significant advantages over ursodeoxycholate that may be of benefit for long\u2013term therapy in PBC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T23:39:45Z","timestamp":1090971585000},"page":"320-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Differences in the Metabolism and Disposition of Ursodeoxycholic Acid and of Its Taurine\u2013Conjugated Species in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Setchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Crosignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pier Maria","family":"Battezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Larghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy C.","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007190","volume":"17","author":"Combes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70183-5","volume":"113","author":"Poupon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)31871-2","volume":"73","author":"Fedorowski","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260102","volume":"26","author":"Benedetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90162-R","volume":"102","author":"Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140609","volume":"14","author":"Crosignani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1992.11705373","volume":"27","author":"Javitt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"key":"BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409103618","volume":"204","author":"Hofmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630050-00002","volume":"30","author":"Crosignani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"BIB10","series-title":"Falk Symposiu","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Bile Acids and the Hepatobiliary System: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice","author":"Setchell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid in normal subjects and in patients with cholestatic liver disease: biotransformation by conjugation and urinary excretion. 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