{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:09:46Z","timestamp":1770505786075,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":6028,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Carbohydrate\u2013deficient transferrin(CDT) a microheterogeneous form of serum transferrin (Tf) has been proposed as the most reliable marker of chronic alcohol consumption, although unexplained false\u2013positive and \u2013negative results have been reported.We investigated whether body iron influenced CDT serum levels by studying alcohol abusers with or without iron overload and nonabusers with iron deficiency or iron overload caused by genetic hemochromatosis (GH).In alcohol abusers, CDT was significantly lower in the presence of iron overload than in the absence (24.6 \u00b116.5 U\/L vs.33.3 \u00b111.7 U\/L; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.01) with false\u2013negative results almost exclusively in patients with iron overload. Similarly, in nonabusers with GH, CDT was lower than in normal controls (9.6\u00b12.2 U\/L vs.15.7 \u00b1 3.3 U\/L;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.0001) whereas, patients with iron deficiency anemia had significantly higher levels than controls (28.1\u00b15.8 U\/L vs.15.7\u00b13.3 U\/L;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.0001).In nonabusers, iron supplementation therapy significantly decreased CDT levels in patients with iron deficiency anemia (33.7\u00b16.6 U\/L vs.21.7\u00b1 5.2 U\/L;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>=.0007) while iron\u2013depletion treatment significantly increased CDT levels in patients with GH (9.7 \u00b1 2.0 U\/L vs. 14.7 \u00b1 4.0 U\/L;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>=.001).Alcohol abusers had a significant relationship between liver iron concentration (LIC)and the reciprocal of CDT (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>=.65;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt;.0001) while in nonabusers, there was a significant correlation between Tf and CDT (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>=.72;<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.0001).In conclusion, CDT serum levels are markedly affected by the patient's iron status, with iron overload reducing its sensitivity in alcohol abusers and iron deficiency its specificity in nonabusers. CDT can be considered a reliable marker of alcohol abuse only when iron stores are normal.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,28]],"date-time":"2004-07-28T07:25:38Z","timestamp":1090999538000},"page":"658-663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Carbohydrate\u2013Deficient Transferrin, A Sensitive Marker of Chronic Alcohol Abuse, Is Highly Influenced by Body Iron"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Tullia Maria","family":"De Feo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fargion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Domenica","family":"Cappellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Sampietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno 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