{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:13:24Z","timestamp":1791242004745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":5997,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Intrahepatic calculi is characterized by an intractable course and frequent recurrences, requiring multiple operative interventions. Chronic proliferative cholangitis, an active and long\u2013standing inflammation of the stone\u2013containing bile ducts with the hyperplasia of epithelia and the proliferation of the duct\u2013associated mucus glands, may underlie the complex nature of the disease. In terms of the pathophysiology, interest has been focused on the role of secretory low-molecular\u2013weight phospholipases A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> s) as inflammatory mediators or factors modulating cell functions via their specific sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013receptor, and also on the production and secretion of altered mucin molecules from the inflamed bile ducts. In search of factors involving chronic proliferative cholangitis, the sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> isoforms in the bile such as the pancreatic\u2013type sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (group IB sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ) and the arthritic\u2013type sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (group IIA sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ), were assayed to correlate protein masses of the sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> s with alterations in biliary composition. Furthermore, the steady\u2013state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> s, the membrane\u2013bound sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013receptor, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and mucin core polypeptide (MUC) genes in the bile ducts were assayed by reverse\u2013 transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2013PCR). Immunoreactive sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IB and sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IIA levels were significantly higher in the bile from the stone\u2013containing hepatic ducts (2315 \u00b1 677 for sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IB; 281 \u00b1 42 for sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IIA ng\/dL, mean \u00b1 SEM; n = 20) than in the ductal bile from gallbladder stone patients (609 \u00b1 92, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01; 22 \u00b1 2, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01; n = 24). The increased sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels were associated with a concomitant increase in lysophosphatidylcholine, prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ), and total mucin concentrations. The affected bile ducts showed an increased mRNA level of sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IB and sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013IIA compared with the ducts from control subjects, in whom the mRNAs of the sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013receptor and other sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> isoforms, such as groups V and X sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> s, were coincidently expressed. Reflecting the increased amounts of total biliary mucins, the affected ducts showed an increase in mRNA levels of CFTR as well as MUC2, MUC3, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6 compared with the ducts from control subjects. In intrahepatic calculi, an enhanced expression of the sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> s and their possible cross\u2013talk via sPLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2013receptor may be of pathophysiological significance for the chronic proliferative cholangitis, in association with the enhanced CFTR expression and the alterations in mucin gene expression in the bile ducts, probably through potentiating arachidonate metabolism with associated biliary alterations favoring growth of preexisting stones and even further progressions.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>(Hepatology 1999;29:1026\u20131036.)<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,28]],"date-time":"2004-07-28T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1091000708000},"page":"1026-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Secretory Low-Molecular\u2013Weight Phospholipases A2 and Their Specific Receptor in Bile Ducts of Patients With Intrahepatic Calculi: Factors of Chronic Proliferative Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Junichi","family":"Shoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahito","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Irimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryu","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Nimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Todoroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01658357","volume":"8","author":"Nakayama","year":"1984","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01347905","volume":"31","author":"Nakayama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"BIB3","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Intrahepatic Calculi. 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