{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:47:03Z","timestamp":1790930823971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":5722,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Genetic susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is indicated by a preponderance of female subjects and strong associations with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DRB1*0301<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DRB1*0401.<\/jats:italic> The gene encoding cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on chromosome 2q33 may also influence autoimmunity. To determine the frequency and significance of the exon 1 adenine (A)-guanine (G) base-exchange polymorphism for CTLA-4 in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, 155 northern European Caucasoid patients and 102 ethnically-matched control subjects were tested by polymerase chain reaction. The genotype distribution was significantly different in patients compared to controls (AA = 50\/155 patients vs. 51\/102 controls; AG = 84\/155 patients vs. 38\/102 controls; GG = 21\/155 patients vs. 13\/102 controls, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 8.94, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .011). This difference was caused by a significant over-representation of the G allele in patients compared to controls (105\/155 patients vs. 51\/102 controls, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 8.34, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .004, odds ratio = 2.12). The GG genotype was associated with a significantly higher mean serum aspartate transaminase level (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .03), greater frequency of antibodies to thyroid microsomal antigens (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .004) and was found more commonly in patients with <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                                 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DRB1*0301<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .02). Treatment outcomes, however, were not affected by the genotype. The <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic> G allele is more common in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and may represent a second susceptibility allele. Furthermore, there may be synergy between the <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HLA-DRB1*0301<\/jats:italic> and the GG genotype in terms of disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,28]],"date-time":"2004-07-28T07:42:03Z","timestamp":1091000523000},"page":"49-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Kosh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert J.","family":"Czaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604043341406","volume":"334","author":"Krawitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070626","volume":"7","author":"Homberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB3","first-page":"1206","volume":"90","author":"Czaja","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0930479","volume":"93","author":"Heward","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130415","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250211","volume":"25","author":"Czaja","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190311","volume":"19","author":"Doherty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178696","volume":"112","author":"Strettell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90025-6","volume":"106","author":"Manabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80204-3","volume":"28","author":"Arenz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB11","first-page":"80","volume":"43","author":"Whittingham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300412","volume":"30","author":"Cookson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70458-0","volume":"117","author":"Czaja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93306-A","volume":"336","author":"Wen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb08164.x","volume":"84","author":"Lohr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.5.1989","volume":"158","author":"Bluestone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80366-0","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.8.1275","volume":"6","author":"Marron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180435","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240515","volume":"24","author":"Czaja","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90078-7","volume":"107","author":"Czaja","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018809431189","volume":"42","author":"Czaja","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91518-9","volume":"103","author":"Czaja","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.14.6.654","volume":"14","author":"Fulthorpe","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.20.3.305-c","volume":"20","author":"Doniach","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.26.8.623","volume":"26","author":"Bird","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)91081-R","volume":"105","author":"Czaja","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00795.x","volume":"77","author":"McCoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5238.985","volume":"270","author":"Waterhouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.3.427","volume":"187","author":"Luhder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.4.1333","volume":"157","author":"Perrin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80284-8","volume":"6","author":"Perez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1994.tb00067.x","volume":"14","author":"Lohr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90341-7","volume":"46","author":"Shaw","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.7.1075","volume":"5","author":"Nistico","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90157-8","volume":"105","author":"Czaja","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB37","first-page":"1502","volume":"28","author":"Agarwal","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB38","first-page":"1502","volume":"28","author":"Saarinen","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB39","first-page":"143","volume":"82","author":"Donner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.9979","volume":"95","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1002\/hep.510310110-BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.7.1353","volume":"48","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhep.510310110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200001000-00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T16:05:23Z","timestamp":1733155523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200001000-00010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.510310110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}