{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:27:08Z","timestamp":1781080028409,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatology Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Genome\u2010wide association studies have indicated that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)\u2010DP and HLA\u2010DQ play roles in persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Asia. To understand the evolution of HBV\u2010related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to correlate these SNPs with chronic HBV infection among different populations, we conducted a global perspective study on hepatitis\u2010related SNPs. We selected 12 HBV\u2010related SNPs on the HLA locus and two HBV and three hepatitis C virus immune\u2010related SNPs for analysis. Five nasopharyngeal carcinoma\u2010related SNPs served as controls. All SNP data worldwide from 26 populations were downloaded from 1,000 genomes. We found a dramatic difference in the allele frequency in most of the HBV\u2010 and HLA\u2010related SNPs in East Asia compared to the other continents. A sharp change in allele frequency in 8 of 12 SNPs was found between Bengali populations in Bangladesh and Chinese Dai populations in Xishuangbanna, China (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P &lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001); these areas represent the junction of South and East Asia. For the immune\u2010related SNPs, significant changes were found after leaving Africa. Most of these genes shifted from higher expression genotypes in Africa to lower expression genotypes in either Europe or South Asia (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P &lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001). During this two\u2010stage adaptation, immunity adjusted toward a weak immune response, which could have been a survival strategy during human migration to East Asia. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in Africa is as high as in Asia; however, the HBV\u2010related SNP genotypes are not present in Africa, and so the genetic mechanism of chronic HBV infection in Africa needs further exploration. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Two stages of genetic changes toward a weak immune response occurred when humans migrated out of Africa. These changes could be a survival strategy for avoiding cytokine storms and surviving in new environments. (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hepatology Communications<\/jats:italic> 2017;1:1005\u20131013)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T16:16:37Z","timestamp":1509984997000},"page":"1005-1013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A global perspective on hepatitis B\u2010related single nucleotide polymorphisms and evolution during human migration"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Dar\u2010In","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Linkou Medical Center,Taoyuan City,Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Juei","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Linkou Medical Center,Taoyuan City,Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Linkou Medical Center,Taoyuan City,Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41113-bib-0001-20240114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"hep41113-bib-0002-20240114","first-page":"50","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Med 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