{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1785321754896,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper is an indispensable trace element. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, iron transport, and fibrogenesis. Although these processes are central in the pathogenesis of liver disorders, few studies have attributed them to copper deficiency. We herein describe in detail a case series of liver disease patients (n\u00a0=\u00a012) who presented with signs of copper deficiency based on serum and liver copper measurements. Median age of the group at the time of presentation was 39 (range 18\u201064 years). Six patients were female. The median serum copper was 46 \u03bcg\/dL (normal range: 80\u2010155 \u03bcg\/dL for women and 70\u2010140 \u03bcg\/dL for men). Seven of the 12 patients had hepatic copper concentration less than 10 \u03bcg\/g dry weight (normal range: 10\u201035 \u03bcg\/g). Most cases presented with acute\u2010on\u2010chronic liver failure (n\u00a0=\u00a04) and decompensated cirrhosis (n\u00a0=\u00a05). Only 3 patients had a condition known to be associated with copper deficiency (ileocolonic Crohn\u2019s disease following resection n\u00a0=\u00a01, Roux\u2010en\u2010Y gastric bypass n\u00a0=\u00a02) before presenting with hepatic dysfunction. Notable clinical features included steatohepatitis, iron overload, malnutrition, and recurrent infections. In 2 of the 3 patients who received copper supplementation, there was an improvement in serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and liver function parameters. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Copper deficiency in the serum or liver occurs in a wide range of liver diseases. Given the biological essentiality of copper, the mechanism and clinical significance of this association require systematic study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T12:25:16Z","timestamp":1561551916000},"page":"1159-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Copper Deficiency in Liver Diseases: A Case Series and Pathophysiological Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4622-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris W.","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Jalikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingtak\u2010Neander","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy,University of Washington,Seattle,WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Burkhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences,University of Alaska,Anchorage,AK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41393-bib-0001-20240114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9247482","article-title":"Premature oxidative aging of hepatic mitochondrial DNA in Wilson's disease","volume":"113","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"hep41393-bib-0002-20240114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90326-9","article-title":"Abnormalities in tests of copper metabolism in primary sclerosing 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