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Additionally, because the approval and popularity of checkpoint inhibitors have grown, similar patterns of liver injury have been documented, with a majority of cases describing immune\u2010mediated hepatitis. Although the exact mechanism of injury is unknown, various host and medication characteristics play a role in the outcome of the molecular cascade invoked by biologics. Prognosis is usually favorable with cessation of the offending agent, but cases of acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation have also been observed. Therefore, algorithms have been created to assist clinicians in treating drug\u2010induced autoimmune hepatitis, mostly with corticosteroids. Additionally, case reports have documented successfully rechallenging patients with a different biologic without recurrence of liver injury, but data are limited. Further investigation is warranted regarding the potential for cross\u2010reactivity and mechanism of injury to develop guidelines to aid clinicians in further management of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T15:32:21Z","timestamp":1577979141000},"page":"172-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Biologic and Checkpoint Inhibitor\u2010Induced Liver Injury: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Parth","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Comprehensive Transplant Center,Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center,Los Angeles,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Comprehensive Transplant Center,Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center,Los Angeles,CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine,University of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Internal Medicine,Landspitali University Hospital,Reykjavik,Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41465-bib-0002-20240114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-325225","article-title":"Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey","volume":"119","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"hep41465-bib-0003-20240114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710093371502","article-title":"A short\u2010term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. 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