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Single\u2010cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with AH and healthy controls paired with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge revealed how diverse monocyte responses are divided among individual cells and change in disease. After LPS challenge, one monocyte subtype expressed pro\u2010inflammatory genes in both disease and healthy controls, while another monocyte subtype was anti\u2010inflammatory in healthy controls but switched to pro\u2010inflammatory in AH. Numerous immune genes are clustered within genomic cassettes, including chemokines and C\u2010type lectin receptors (CTRs). CTRs sense byproducts of diverse microbial and host origin. Single\u2010cell data revealed correlated expression of genes within cassettes, thus further diversifying different monocyte responses to individual cells. Monocyte up\u2010regulation of CTRs in response to LPS caused hypersensitivity to diverse microbial and host\u2010derived byproducts, indicating a secondary immune surveillance pathway up\u2010regulated in a subset of cells by a closely associated genomic cassette. Finally, expression of CTR genes was higher in livers of patients with severe AH, but not other chronic liver diseases, implicating secondary immune surveillance in nonresolving inflammation in severe AH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T10:36:21Z","timestamp":1596537381000},"page":"1459-1476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Functionally Diverse Inflammatory Responses in Peripheral and Liver Monocytes in Alcohol\u2010Associated Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ohio Alcohol Center,Center for Liver Disease Research,Department of Inflammation and Immunity,Lerner Research Institute,Cleveland 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