{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:42:39Z","timestamp":1786977759976,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the tremendous burden of liver cancer and its underlying causes on humankind, there appear to be heterogeneities in coping approaches. The objective of this study was to compare the burden and the quality\u2010of\u2010care of liver cancer by causes among different countries and regions in both sexes and various age groups 1990\u20102019. Data of liver cancer and underlying causes, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol use, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. Incidence, prevalence, death, and disability\u2010adjusted life\u2010years (DALYs) were assessed. Principal component analysis was used to combine age\u2010standardized mortality\u2010to\u2010incidence ratio, DALY\u2010to\u2010prevalence ratio, prevalence\u2010to\u2010incidence ratio, and years of life lost\u2013to\u2013years lived with disability into a single proxy named Quality of Care Index (QCI). Globally, the age\u2010standardized incidence, DALYs, and death rates decreased from 1990 to 2019, while the QCI scores increased by 68.5%. The QCI score of liver cancer was from as high as 83.3 in high Sociodemographic Index (SDI) countries to values as low as 26.4 in low SDI countries in 2019. Japan had the highest QCI score (QCI\u00a0=\u00a0100). The age\u2010standardized death rates of liver cancer due to all underlying causes were decreasing during the past 30\u00a0years, with the most decrease for HBV. Consistently, the global QCI scores of liver cancer due to HBV, HCV, alcohol use, NASH, and other causes reached 53.5, 61.8, 54.3, 52.9, and 63.7, respectively, in 2019.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Although the trends in burden are decreasing and the QCI improved from 1990 to 2019 globally, there is a wide gap between countries. Given the inequities in health care quality, there is an urgent need to address discrimination and bridge the gap.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T13:19:42Z","timestamp":1644326382000},"page":"1764-1775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Trends in Global, Regional, and National Burden and Quality of Care Index for Liver Cancer by Cause from Global Burden of Disease 1990\u20102019"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Seyyed\u2010Hadi","family":"Ghamari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moein","family":"Yoosefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Abbasi\u2010Kangevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad\u2010Reza","family":"Malekpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Saeedi Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarvenaz","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics,University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sogol","family":"Koolaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parnian","family":"Shobeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydin","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanye","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameneh","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"},{"name":"48439,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Larijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Farzadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48439,Non\u2010communicable Diseases Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"},{"name":"48439,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41910-bib-0001-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0002-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713263","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"380","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0005-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0006-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0007-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30062-1","article-title":"Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol\u2010related liver disease in the USA, 2019\u201340: a modelling study","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0008-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.183","article-title":"NAFLD, NASH and liver cancer","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0009-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-015-0459-8","article-title":"Quality of cancer care in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0010-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1952-x","article-title":"Utilization of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among American patients: a systematic review","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0011-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2013.07.007","article-title":"Referral patterns and treatment choices for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a United States population\u2010based study","volume":"217","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0012-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0015-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150202","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202","article-title":"Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments","volume":"374","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans Royal Soc A"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0016-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-021-00198-2","article-title":"A global, regional, and national survey on burden and Quality of Care Index (QCI) of hematologic malignancies; global burden of disease systematic analysis 1990\u20132017","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exper Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0017-20241115","article-title":"Quality of Care Index (QCI)","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0018-20241115","article-title":"A global, regional, and national survey on burden and Quality of Care Index (QCI) of brain and other central nervous system cancers; global burden of disease systematic analysis 1990\u20132017","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0019-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3823","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and quality of care index (QCI) of thyroid cancer: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20102017","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0020-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2021.09.002","article-title":"Global, regional, and national survey on the burden and quality of care of pancreatic cancer; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 1990\u20102017","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0021-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30994-2","article-title":"Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"391","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0022-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30213-5","article-title":"Funding and services needed to achieve universal health coverage: applications of global, regional, and national estimates of utilisation of outpatient visits and inpatient admissions from 1990 to 2016, and unit costs from 1995 to 2016","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0023-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00527-1","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: old friends and new tricks","volume":"52","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0024-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2021","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0025-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.205153","article-title":"Long\u2010term impact of infant immunization on hepatitis B prevalence: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"96","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0026-20241115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Late presentation of hepatitis B among patients with newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma: a national cohort study","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0027-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.07.004","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0028-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14823","article-title":"Systematic review with meta\u2010analysis: recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following direct\u2010acting antiviral therapy","volume":"48","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0029-20241115","first-page":"1854","article-title":"Spatio\u2010temporal analysis of the hepatitis B prevalence in irani\u2010an blood donors from 2000 to 2016 at national and provincial level","volume":"50","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian J Public Health"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0030-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9799-9","article-title":"Asia\u2013Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0031-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30342-5","article-title":"Liver diseases in the Asia\u2010Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0032-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000484619","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in japan as a world\u2010leading model","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0033-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13501","article-title":"JSH guidelines for the management of hepatitis C virus infection, 2019 update; protective effect of antiviral therapy against hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"50","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0035-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.059220","article-title":"Hepatitis B control by 2012 in the WHO Western Pacific Region: rationale and implications","volume":"87","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0036-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.42","article-title":"Reducing the mortality rate of hepatitis and liver cancer in Japan","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"J General Family Med"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0037-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000342749","article-title":"Japan\u2019s successful model of nationwide hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance highlighting the urgent need for global surveillance","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0038-20241115","first-page":"35","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"181\u2010182","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0039-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30349-8","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0040-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30179-0","article-title":"Liver cancer in Africa: untold aspects of an acknowledged scourge","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0041-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30161-3","article-title":"Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0042-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30295-9","article-title":"Hepatitis B in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: strategies to achieve the 2030 elimination targets","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0043-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-018-1094-0","article-title":"Promising practices for the prevention of liver cancer: a review of the literature and cancer plan activities in the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0044-20241115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liver cancer mortality trends in South Africa: 1999\u20102015","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0045-20241115","article-title":"Factors related to the quality of life in liver cancer patients during treatment phase: a follow\u2010up study","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0046-20241115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-486X.2012.01761.x","article-title":"Global inequalities in the care of women with cancer","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"hep41910-bib-0047-20241115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Males develop faster and more severe hepatocellular carcinoma than females in krasV12 transgenic zebrafish","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Hepatology Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hep4.1910","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hep4.1910","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep4.1910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T08:00:24Z","timestamp":1731657624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1002\/hep4.1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep4.1910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-254X","2471-254X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-254X","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-254X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]}}}