{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:06:22Z","timestamp":1792479982715,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Nitrofurantoin, minocycline, methyldopa and infliximab, have been found to induce autoimmune\u2010like hepatitis (DI\u2010AILH). Evidence for other drugs and herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) is unclear. The aims of the study were to establish criteria to define and review the published evidence of suspected DI\u2010AILH. Search was undertaken in Pubmed using search terms \u201cdrug\u2010induced liver injury,\u201d \u201cautoimmune hepatitis,\u201d and \u201cdrug\u2010induced autoimmune hepatitis.\u201d DI\u2010AILH was defined as (1) drug as a potential trigger of liver injury with autoimmune features and histological findings compatible with AIH; (2) no or incomplete recovery or worsening of liver tests after discontinuation of the drug; (3) corticosteroids requirement or spontaneous recovery; (4) follow\u2010up without immunosuppression (IS) and no relapse of AIH at least 6\u00a0months after discontinuation of IS; and (5) drugs potentially inducing AILH with a chronic course. Cases fulfilling the first four criteria were considered probable DI\u2010AILH with three possible DI\u2010AILH. A total of 186 case reports were identified for conventional drugs (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0148; females 79%; latency 2.6\u00a0months) and HDS (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a038; females 50%). The most commonly reported agents of DI\u2010AILH were interferons (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a037), statins (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a024), methylprednisolone (MPS) (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016), adalimumab (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010), imatinib (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08), and diclofenac (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07). Tinospora cordifolia and Khat were the only HDS with probable DI\u2010AILH cases. No relapses of AIH were observed when IS was stopped after interferons, imatinib, diclofenac, and methylprednisolone. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Beyond well\u2010recognized nitrofurantoin, methyldopa, hydralazine, minocycline, and infliximab as causes of DI\u2010AILH, interferons, imatinib, adalimumab, and MPS were the best\u2010documented agents leading to probable DI\u2010AILH. Khat and Tinospora cordifolia were the only HDS found to be able to induce DI\u2010AILH. Long\u2010term immunosuppression appears to be rarely required in patients with DI\u2010AILH due to these drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T07:40:27Z","timestamp":1653118827000},"page":"1895-1909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Setting up criteria for drug\u2010induced autoimmune\u2010like hepatitis through a systematic analysis of published reports"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Einar S.","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine,University of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Department of Internal Medicine,The National University Hospital of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Medina\u2010Caliz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Aparato Digestivo and Servicio de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica,Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga\u2010IBIMA,Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria,Universidad de M\u00e1laga,M\u00e1laga,Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul J.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Aparato Digestivo and Servicio de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica,Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga\u2010IBIMA,Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria,Universidad de M\u00e1laga,M\u00e1laga,Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas,Madrid,Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Aparato Digestivo and Servicio de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica,Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga\u2010IBIMA,Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria,Universidad de M\u00e1laga,M\u00e1laga,Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas,Madrid,Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41959-bib-0001-20241129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199706000-00002","article-title":"Epitope mapping of human CYP1A2 in dihydralazine\u2010induced autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"7","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"hep41959-bib-0002-20241129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561062","article-title":"Hepatic injury and drug 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