{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:29:01Z","timestamp":1792222141545,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and surveillance is recommended for patients without cirrhosis when risk exceeds an incidence rate (IR) of 0.2%. Populations in Asia and sub\u2010Saharan Africa have been associated with HCC at younger ages, but the risk after immigration to Western countries should be investigated. The aim of this study was to study HCC by age and country of origin in people with chronic HBV infection in Sweden. Through national registers, residents with chronic HBV diagnosis (1990\u20132015) were identified with information on country of origin, immigration\/emigration, death, coinfections, antiviral therapy, and HCC. Observation time started at HBV diagnosis, and IR and hazard ratios for HCC were calculated by sex, age, and region of origin. Among 16,410 individuals (47% women), the origin and observation time (person years) were as follows: Western Europe, 2316 (25,415); Eastern Europe, 2349 (26,237); Middle East\/North Africa, 4402 (47,320); sub\u2010Saharan Africa, 3677 (30,565); Asia, 3537 (35,358); and other, 129 (1277). There were 232 individuals with HCC (82% in men). The IR increased with age and exceeded 0.2% for Asian men from age group 40\u201349\u2009years (IR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.39\u20131.00), for men of other origins from age group 50\u201359\u2009years, and for women aged \u226560\u2009years originating from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Middle East\/North Africa. After exclusion of patients with cirrhosis or HBV treatment, the IR still exceeded 0.2% in Asian men aged 40\u201349\u2009years. This study demonstrates that HBV\u2010infected men of Asian origin should be recommended HCC surveillance at younger ages, but there is a need for further studies of HCC incidence in African\u2010born men without cirrhosis living in the Western world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T13:51:06Z","timestamp":1651585866000},"page":"2418-2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by age and country of origin in people living in Sweden: A national register study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ann\u2010Sofi","family":"Duberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases,School of Medical Sciences,Faculty of Medicine and Health,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Lybeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases,School of Medical Sciences,Faculty of Medicine and Health,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"F\u00e4lt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,School of Medical Sciences,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,School of Medical Sciences,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo","family":"Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases,Karolinska University Hospital,Stockholm,Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Huddinge,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"hep41974-bib-0001-20241118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6","article-title":"Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"hep41974-bib-0003-20241118","first-page":"115","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"issue":"Suppl 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