{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:45:35Z","timestamp":1784033135418,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatol Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in adults with hepatic steatosis (HS). However, risk factors for CVD in HS are unknown. We aimed to identify factors associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in individuals with HS. We performed a nested cohort study of adults with HS detected on coronary computed tomography in the PROspective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of chest pain (PROMISE) trial. Obstructive CAD was defined as \u226550% coronary stenosis. MACE included hospitalization for unstable angina, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or all\u2010cause death. Multivariate modeling, adjusted for age, sex, atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score and body mass index, identified factors associated with obstructive CAD. Cox regression, adjusted for ASCVD risk score, determined the predictors of MACE. A total of 959 of 3,756 (mean age 59.4\u2009years, 55.0% men) had HS. Obstructive CAD was present in 15.2% (145 of 959). Male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u00a0=\u00a01.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18\u20131.2.84; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.007), ASCVD risk score (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.05, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.07; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), and n\u2010terminal pro\u2010b\u2010type natriuretic peptide (NT\u2010proBNP; aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.90, 95% CI 1.38\u20132.62; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001) were independently associated with obstructive CAD. In the 25\u2010months median follow\u2010up, MACE occurred in 4.4% (42 of 959). Sedentary lifestyle (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]\u00a0=\u00a02.53, 95% CI 1.27\u20135.03; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.008) and NT\u2010proBNP (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.50, 95% CI 1.01\u20132.25; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.046) independently predicted MACE. Furthermore, the risk of MACE increased by 3% for every 1% increase in ASCVD risk score (aHR\u00a0=\u00a01.03, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.05; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.02). <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: In individuals with HS, male sex, NT\u2010pro\u2010BNP, and ASCVD risk score are associated with obstructive CAD. Furthermore, ASCVD, NT\u2010proBNP, and sedentary lifestyle are independent predictors of MACE. These factors, with further validation, may help risk\u2010stratify adults with HS for incident CAD and MACE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T12:00:26Z","timestamp":1666699226000},"page":"3406-3420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among individuals with hepatic steatosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6640-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kar\u00e1dy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"MTA\u2010SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group,Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University,Budapest,Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maros","family":"Ferencik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"Knight Cardiovascular Institute,Oregon Health and Science University,Portland,Oregon,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mayrhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"School of Business Studies,Stralsund University of Applied Sciences,Stralsund,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandini M.","family":"Meyersohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology,Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU),Erlangen,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro V.","family":"Staziaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balint","family":"Szilveszter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"MTA\u2010SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group,Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University,Budapest,Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis R.","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan B.","family":"Puchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy,Medical University of Vienna,Vienna,Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey G.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borek","family":"Foldyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,Massachusetts,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey S.","family":"Ginsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Molecular Physiology Institute,Duke University,Durham,North Carolina,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"McGarrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Molecular Physiology Institute,Duke University,Durham,North Carolina,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Voora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine,Duke University School of Medicine,Durham,North Carolina,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svati H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Molecular Physiology Institute,Duke University,Durham,North Carolina,USA"},{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute,Duke University School of Medicine,Durham,North Carolina,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute,Duke University School of Medicine,Durham,North 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