{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:25:47Z","timestamp":1791275147957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,8]],"date-time":"2003-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hippocampus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulation of a neural pathway originating in the brainstem reticular formation, with synapses in the medial hypothalamus, activates the hippocampal theta rhythm. The frequency of reticular\u2010elicited theta is determined in the medial supramammillary nucleus (mSuM) completely in anaesthetised rats, but only partially when the animal is awake. We tested other medial hypothalamic sites for their capacity to control theta frequency in awake rats. Blockade of sodium channels (1 \u03bcl fast infusion of the local anaesthetic procaine, experiment 1) or increased inhibition by GABA (Chlordiazepoxide [CDP], experiment 2) was found to reduce or increase the frequency of reticular\u2010elicited theta, depending on the precise site of injection, in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH). A band of null sites for CDP was located in the region of the ventral border of PH and dorsal border of mSuM. Using 0.5 and 1 \u03bcl CDP, and slow infusions (experiment 3), it was found that effective PH sites were also separate from mSuM in the rostrocaudal direction. In experiment 4, the DMH\/PH region was mapped with unilateral and bilateral slow infusions of 0.5 \u03bcl CDP. CDP significantly reduced frequency in medial (periventricular) and dorsal PH, but not DMH. Bilateral injections appeared to generally sum the usual effects of unilateral injection, producing effects of intermediate size. However, the absolute frequency change in any given site, or with any pair of sites, did not exceed 1 Hz, which is similar to what is seen with single injections in mSuM. Overall, it appears that at, any one time, theta frequency may be determined by a complex interplay between distinct but interacting modulatory regions in the medial hypothalamus. Hippocampus 2003;13:361\u2013374. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.10111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,14]],"date-time":"2003-03-14T17:00:39Z","timestamp":1047661239000},"page":"361-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Multiple hypothalamic sites control the frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mary\u2010Anne","family":"Woodnorth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel J.","family":"Kyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"McNaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03015-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90116-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90275-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.1.322","article-title":"Discharge patterns of hippocampal theta\u2010related cells in the caudal diencephalon of the urethane\u2010anaesthetized rat","volume":"7","author":"Bland BH","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00301-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90010-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90892-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90975-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo\u2010hippocampal system","author":"Gray JA","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1954.17.6.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Differential effect of the damage to the lateral hypothalamic area on hippocampal theta rhythm during waking and paradoxical sleep","volume":"49","author":"Jurkowlaniec E","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"KirkIJ.1993.Supramammillary control of the frequency of hippocampal rhythmical slow\u2010wave activity (\u201ctheta\u201d). 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