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We hypothesize that a cholinergic, atropine\u2010sensitive theta is generated during passive whole\u2010body rotation in freely behaving rats. Hippocampal EEGs were recorded by implanted electrodes in CA1 while rats were rotated on a vertical axis, for a minute or longer, at different angular velocities. Rotation induced a continuous hippocampal theta rhythm while the rat was immobile, in both light and dark conditions. Theta peak frequency showed a significant increase during high (50\u201370 rpm) as compared with a lower (20\u201349 rpm) rotational velocity. Rotation\u2010induced theta was abolished by muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine sulfate (50 mg\/kg i.p.) but not by atropine methyl nitrate (50 mg\/kg i.p.), which did not pass the blood\u2010brain barrier. Theta was attenuated in rats in which cholinergic neurons in the medial septum (MS) were lesioned with 192 IgG\u2010saporin (0.14 \u03bcg in 0.4 \u03bcl), as confirmed by depletion of MS cells immunoreactive to choline acetyltransferase and an absence of acetylcholinesterase staining in the hippocampus. Bilateral lesion of the vestibular receptors by sodium arsanilate (30 mg in 0.1 ml, intratympanically) also attenuated the rotation\u2010induced theta rhythm. In intact rats, field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in CA1 evoked by commissural stimulation were smaller during walking or rotation as compared with during immobility. Modulation of fEPSP was absent following atropine sulfate in intact rats and in 192 IgG\u2010saporin lesion rats. In summary, this is the first report of a continuous atropine\u2010sensitive hippocampal theta in the rat induced by vestibular stimulation during rotation, and accompanied by cholinergic modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission. Vestibular\u2010activated septohippocampal cholinergic activity could be an important component in sensorimotor processing and spatial memory. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T10:50:55Z","timestamp":1304419855000},"page":"914-925","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Activation of immobility\u2010related hippocampal theta by cholinergic septohippocampal neurons during vestibular stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Siew Kian","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus\u2010Peter","family":"Ossenkopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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