{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1790751749533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hippocampus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple trace theory (Nadel &amp; Moscovitch, <jats:italic>Current Opinion in Neurobiology<\/jats:italic>, 1997, 7, 217\u2013227) has proven to be one of the most novel and influential recent memory theories, and played an essential role in shifting perspective on systems\u2010level memory consolidation. Here, we briefly review its impact and testable predictions and focus our discussion primarily on nonhuman animal experiments. Perhaps, the most often supported claim is that episodic memory tasks should exhibit comparable severity of retrograde amnesia (RA) for recent and remote memories after extensive damage to the hippocampus (HPC). By contrast, there appears to be little or no experimental support for other core predictions, such as temporally limited RA after extensive HPC damage in semantic memory tasks, temporally limited RA for episodic memories after partial HPC damage, or the existence of storage of multiple HPC traces with repeated reactivations. Despite these shortcomings, it continues to be a highly cited HPC memory theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T10:34:50Z","timestamp":1570185290000},"page":"842-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Has multiple trace theory been refuted?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Q.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Trent University  Peterborough Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Retrograde amnesia and memory reactivation in rats with ibotenate lesions to the hippocampus or subiculum","volume":"47","author":"Bolhuis J. 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