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Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in visual\u2010spatial reasoning that are accompanied by impairment in social function or mathematics, as well as motor or executive function skills. Despite the overlap between behaviors supported by the hippocampus and impairments in NVLD, the structure and function of the hippocampus in NVLD has not been studied. To address this gap in the literature, we first compared hippocampal volume and resting\u2010state functional connectivity in children with NVLD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200924) and typically developing (TD) children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200920). We then explored associations between hippocampal structure, connectivity, and performance on measures of spatial, social, and mathematical ability. Relative to TD children, those with NVLD showed significant reductions in left hippocampal volume and greater hippocampal\u2010cerebellar connectivity. In children with NVLD, reduced hippocampal volume associated with worse mathematical problem solving. Although children with NVLD exhibited more social problems (social responsiveness scale [SRS]) and higher hippocampal\u2010cerebellar connectivity relative to TD children, greater connectivity was associated with fewer social problems among children with NVLD but not TD children. Such an effect may suggest a compensatory mechanism. These structural and functional alterations of the hippocampus may disrupt its putative role in organizing conceptual frameworks through cognitive mapping, thus contributing to the cross\u2010domain difficulties that characterize NVLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T16:19:07Z","timestamp":1600532347000},"page":"79-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Altered structure and functional connectivity of the hippocampus are associated with social and mathematical difficulties in nonverbal learning disability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Banker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-1965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pagliaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons, Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Ramphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons, Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons, Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7896-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Dranovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons, Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy E.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons, Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles: An integrated system of mult\u2010informant assessment","author":"Achenbach T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18004-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56003-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"4146","article-title":"Interaction between hippocampus and cerebellum crus I in sequence\u2010based but not place\u2010based navigation","volume":"25","author":"Berthoz A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2202-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"The social responsiveness scale manual","author":"Constantino J. 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