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Since diversion of breathing route to the tracheal tube diminishes brain activity entrained by physiological nasal breathing, we hypothesized that simulating nasal breathing using rhythmic air\u2010puff (AP) into the nasal cavity of mechanically ventilated rats can reduce hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis in association with restoring respiration\u2010coupled oscillations. We found that stimulating olfactory epithelium through applying rhythmic nasal AP, in association with reviving respiration\u2010coupled brain rhythm, mitigates MV\u2010induced hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation involving microglia and astrocytes. The current translational study opens a window for a novel therapeutic approach to reduce neurological complications induced by MV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T06:18:43Z","timestamp":1677824323000},"page":"880-885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Stimulating olfactory epithelium mitigates mechanical ventilation\u2010induced hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Ghazvineh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Salimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran 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