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However, this approach may obscure the nature of task errors. Specifically, recent data has suggested the importance of examining the precision of responses, as well as absolute performance on item\u2010context bindings. In contrast to traditional analysis approaches based on the distance between the target and the reconstructed item, in this study we further explored three types of errors (swap error, global error, and local distance) that may all contribute to the distance, with particular emphasis on swap errors and local distance due to their associations with item\u2010context bindings and memory precision, respectively. We examined these errors in children aged 3\u201318\u2009years, making comparisons between children with typical development (TD) and children with Down syndrome (DS), a population with known memory challenges. As expected, older children outperformed younger children in terms of overall memory accuracy. Of importance is that we measured uneven maturational trajectories of memory abilities across the various error types. Specifically, both remembered locations (irrespective of object identity) and swap errors (object\u2010location binding errors) align with the overall memory accuracy. Memory precision, as measured by local distance in simpler set size 2 trials, mirrored overall memory accuracy. However, for more complex set size 3 trials, local distance remained stable before age 8 and showed age\u2010related change thereafter. The group with DS showed reduced precision compared to a TD matched group, and measures of precision, and to a lesser extent binding errors, correlated with standard neuropsychological outcomes. Overall, our study contributed to a fine\u2010grained understanding of developing spatial memory ability in a large sample of typical developing children and a memory impaired population. These findings contribute to a growing body of research examining precision as a key factor in memory performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T17:26:53Z","timestamp":1694712413000},"page":"1171-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extended trajectory of spatial memory errors in typical and atypical development: The role of binding and precision"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Maomiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalysa","family":"Lovos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Bottrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Sampsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Raitano","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Abbeduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health  Sacramento California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California Davis Health  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela John","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health  Sacramento California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California Davis Health  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Edgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23452"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1063(2001)11:1<61::AID-HIPO1021>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2019.100820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35049064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1738-20.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23218"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Whole\u2010brain voxel\u2010based morphometry study of children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Carducci F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Functional Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system","author":"Cohen N. 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