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We hypothesize that coupling between olfactory bulb (OB) and HPC oscillations is increased by cholinergic activation in control rats and is reduced in kainic\u2010acid\u2010treated epileptic rats, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. OB \u03b32 (63\u2013100\u2009Hz) power was higher during walking and immobility\u2010awake (IMM) compared to sleep, while \u03b31 (30\u201357\u2009Hz) power was higher during grooming than other behavioral states. Muscarinic cholinergic agonist pilocarpine (25\u2009mg\/kg\u2009ip) with peripheral muscarinic blockade increased OB power and OB\u2010HPC coherence at \u03b2 and \u03b31 frequency bands. A similar effect was found after physostigmine (0.5\u2009mg\/kg\u2009ip) but not scopolamine (10\u2009mg\/kg\u2009ip). Pilocarpine increased bicoherence and cross\u2010frequency coherence (CFC) between OB slow waves (SW, 1\u20135\u2009Hz) and hippocampal \u03b2, \u03b31 and \u03b32 waves, with stronger coherence at CA1 alveus and CA3c than CA1 stratum radiatum. Bicoherence further revealed a nonlinear interaction of \u03b2 waves in OB with \u03b2 waves at the CA1\u2010alveus. Beta and \u03b31 waves in OB or HPC were segregated at one phase of the OB\u2010SW, opposite to the phase of \u03b32 and \u03b33 (100\u2013160\u2009Hz) waves, suggesting independent temporal processing of \u03b2\/\u03b31 versus \u03b32\/\u03b33 waves. At CA1 radiatum, kainic\u2010acid\u2010treated epileptic rats compared to control rats showed decreased theta power, theta\u2010\u03b2 and theta\u2010\u03b32 CFC during baseline walking, decreased CFC of HPC SW with \u03b32 and \u03b33 waves during baseline IMM, and decreased coupling of OB SW with \u03b2 and \u03b32 waves at CA1 alveus after pilocarpine. It is concluded that \u03b2 and \u03b3 waves in the OB and HPC are modulated by a slow respiratory rhythm, in a cholinergic and behavior\u2010dependent manner, and OB\u2010HPC functional connectivity at \u03b2 and \u03b3 frequencies may enhance cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:08:23Z","timestamp":1719828503000},"page":"464-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cholinergic and behavior\u2010dependent beta and gamma waves are coupled between olfactory bulb and hippocampus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. 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