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A key event for LTP is the influx of calcium into post\u2010synaptic neurons via multiple ion channel control systems. One such system involves <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\u2010aspartate receptors (NMDARs), which were originally believed to be essential for LTP and new learning. Recent studies have demonstrated that hippocampal NMDARs are critical for learning new spatial information in a novel environment; however, when pre\u2010training occurs prior to new spatial learning, these receptors are not needed. Additionally, researchers have shown that activation of voltage\u2010gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and their associated calcium influx can induce LTP independent of NMDARs. These findings led to the idea that the amount of calcium required for learning in hippocampus depends on whether the new learning takes place in a novel or familiar environment, with a novel environment demanding greater calcium influx. It was hypothesized that to impair new learning in a familiar environment both NMDARs and VGCCs would need to be blocked. Long\u2010Evans rats were trained in a three\u2010phase version of the Morris water task, which included pre\u2010training, new learning mass\u2010training, and a probe test. Prior to mass\u2010training, intrahippocampal VGCCs were blocked individually or in combination with NMDARs blockade to evaluate their effects on the rats learning and memory. The results showed that blocking both NMDARs and VGCCs simultaneously impaired new spatial learning with familiar information, whereas VGCC blockade alone did not.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.70006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T11:29:37Z","timestamp":1741778977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Blocking Multiple Sources of Calcium in Hippocampus During Spatial Learning and Memory Using a Rapid Acquisition Variant of the Morris Water Task"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Claudia R.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kortney","family":"Dyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mason J.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maleeha","family":"Panjwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Szymanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge  Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378182a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/363347A0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22\u201012\u201005239.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959\u20104388(94)90101\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nf\u20102017\u2010A059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.1973.SP010273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.450010207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.1991.tb00062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(91)91433\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959\u20104388(97)80012\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166\u20102236(87)90175\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.1983.SP014478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"What Neurobiological Mechanisms in Hippocampus Support Rapid Spatial Learning With Familiar Information in the Morris Water Task? 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