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Interactions between lymphoma cells and the TME are vital for survival and proliferation of the former. In addition, lymphoma cells often reprogram the TME to protect them from defense mechanisms of the host's immune system. In this review, we will introduce the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) for lymphoma cells looking at direct cell\u2013cell interactions as well as cytokine\u2010related communications. The immunomodulative\/immunosuppressive role of the TME is more and more coming into the focus of potential new targeted therapies, and thus a special attention will be given to the interactions of immune checkpoints such as programed cell death protein 1 and L1 (PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1), T\u2010cell immunoglobulin and mucin\u2010domain containing protein\u20103 (TIM\u20103), lymphocyte\u2010activation gene 3 (LAG\u20103), and cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte\u2010associated protein\u20104 (CTLA4) with the TME, as well as their expression by both lymphoma cells and cells of the TME. Aspects of the TME will be discussed for indolent and aggressive B\u2010cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphomas, and T\u2010cell lymphomas. In addition, the potential influence of other immunomodulators such as lenalidomide will be briefly touched. The complex role of the TME is in the focus of new therapeutic options. In order to exploit its full therapeutic potential, however, a thorough understanding of TME biology and interaction between lymphoma cells and the TME, as well as the host's immune system and the TME is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T16:15:14Z","timestamp":1603728914000},"page":"3-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The tumor microenvironment of lymphomas: Insights into the potential role and modes of actions of checkpoint inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Menter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology University Hospital Basel University of Basel  Basel 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