{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:19:39Z","timestamp":1773231579559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,3]],"date-time":"2009-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematological Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A particular extra\u2010nodal lymphoma type arises from B cells of the marginal zone (MZ) of mucosa\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The aetiology of MZ lymphomas suggests that they are associated with chronic antigenic stimulation by microbial pathogens, among which <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010associated gastric MALT lymphoma is the best studied. Recently, MALT lymphomas have been described in the context of chronic conjunctivitis, which can be associated with <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> spp. infection. Studies from Italy showed the presence of <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> in 87% of ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL), and <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> has been described in a large part of samples from Austria and Korea as well. However, this finding was not always confirmed by other studies, suggesting that the association with <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> may depend on geographic heterogeneity. Interestingly, none of the studies up to now has been carried out in the African population, where a strong association between infectious agents and the occurrence of human neoplasms has been reported. This study was designed to investigate the possible association of <jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> in cases retrieved from Kenya, compared to cases from Italy. Our results showed that there was a marked variation between the two geographical areas in terms of association with <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, as 17% (5\/30) of the samples from Italy were positive for <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>, whereas no association with this pathogen was observed in any of the African samples (0\/9), suggesting that other cofactors may determine the OAL occurrence in those areas. OAL cases are often characterized by down\u2010regulation of p16\/INK4a expression and promoter hypermethylation of the <jats:italic>p16\/INK4a<\/jats:italic> gene. Our results showed a partial methylation of <jats:italic>p16\/INK4a<\/jats:italic> promoter in <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2010negative cases, whereas no hypermethylation of this gene was found in <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive cases, suggesting that mechanisms other than promoter hypermethylation lead to <jats:italic>p16\/INK4a<\/jats:italic> silencing in <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive cases. We may conclude that the role of epidemiologic, environmental and genetic factors, must be considered in the aetiology of this disease. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,3]],"date-time":"2009-09-03T07:29:55Z","timestamp":1251962995000},"page":"20-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Geographic variation and environmental conditions as cofactors in <i>Chlamydia psittaci<\/i> association with ocular adnexal lymphomas: a comparison between Italian and African 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