{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:18:56Z","timestamp":1780463936938,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Prom J of Aust"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Issue addressed<\/jats:title><jats:p>Problematic alcohol consumption (PAC) affects one\u2010third of homeless Australians, and it is expected that the rates will increase as the population ages. However, current policy does not recognise the importance of this problem. The aim of this narrative review was to examine the social determinants and other risk factors contributing to PAC in homeless Australians, the barriers to receiving help and possible solutions for the Australian context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and PsycINFO databases and Australian government websites were examined for the keywords \u201calcohol\u201d and \u201chomeless,\u201d and pertinent articles were selected for inclusion and for citation tracking of further relevant articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The causes of PAC in homeless Australians are multifactorial, and multidirectional, and include risk factors such as low socio\u2010economic status, mental illness and having experienced trauma. There is significant stigma associated with both homelessness and PAC, which further isolates this group. Current policies to address PAC in the homeless are inadequate; however, there are a range of possible programs to reduce PAC in this group, and international harm reduction strategies have also shown success in improving outcomes for this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are numerous social risk factors that influence the development of PAC in the homeless. The introduction of harm reduction strategies, programs to enhance motivation and personal skills, as well as better mental health treatment, would all fill important gaps in services for homeless Australians with PAC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>So what?<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health professionals can be advised that there are many social determinants that influence PAC in homeless Australians. There are important structural barriers to providing this marginalised group with the services they require; however, there is scope for the introduction of new programs, including harm reduction strategies, to meet the fundamental needs of this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,25]],"date-time":"2019-08-25T11:43:23Z","timestamp":1566733403000},"page":"279-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Problematic alcohol consumption in homeless Australians: A narrative review of the causes, barriers to receiving help and possible solutions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Scholes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Census of population and housing: estimating homelessness, 2016","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Journey's Home research report no. 4: findings from Waves 1 to 4 (special topics)","author":"Scutella R","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Specialist homelessness services annual report 2017\u20132018","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AH09824"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701827218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03375.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03124070802428191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Exploring drug treatment and homelessness in Australia","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Information sheet 1: why the growing use of alcohol and other drugs among older Australians needs attention","author":"Nicholas R","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"The road home: a national approach to reducing homelessness","author":"Taskforce H","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Deaths in Australia","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2007.00057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0867-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1047390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.658132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"V. 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