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The African continent is a marker for both low resources within the healthcare system and poor disease control policy formulations in managing endemic infectious diseases. Since the colonial era, the Widal serological test has been used to confirm typhoid fever in Africa, however recent studies recommend blood culture, and when blood culture cannot be obtained, clinical findings, laboratory Widal test confirmation, and ruling out other febrile illnesses as confirmatory pathway to diagnose typhoid fever in Africa. Managing typhoid fever relies on antimicrobials. In 1980s chloramphenicol was the medication of choice. Years later, amoxicillin and co\u2010trimoxazole were adopted. However, the instantaneous rise of resistant strains of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> confers an important challenge to treat the burdensome enteric fever. The current treatment algorithm of typhoid fever in Africa relies significantly on the use of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and cephalosporins. Developed nations have successfully addressed and controlled typhoid fever via improvement in accessing safe water and food, better sanitary and hygienic behaviours, and vaccines development. Nevertheless, there is significant evidence to infer improvement in the diagnosis management of typhoid fever over the last few decades, and efforts are underway to control the disease spread in Africa. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in typhoid fever diagnosis and management in Africa and provide key recommendations for a coordinated approach to mitigate typhoid in the continent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T08:39:42Z","timestamp":1669970382000},"page":"317-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of typhoid fever in Africa: A review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College KCMUCo  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6644-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adekunbi","family":"Oluyemisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"School of Public and Allied Health Babcock University  Ilishan\u2010Remo Ogun State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Uwishema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Clinton Global Initiative University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinton Global Initiative University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afnan Waleed","family":"Jobran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Al\u2010Quds University  Hebron Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3792-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Success","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Nigeria  Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2380-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Awuah","family":"Wireko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Sumy State University  Sumy Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irem","family":"Adanur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Karadeniz Technical University  Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burhan","family":"Dost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology School of Medicine Ondokuz Mayis University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Onyeaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18\u20100111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1995\u20107645.283515"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz525"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Typhoid. n.d. 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