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This paper aims to use Limerick City as a case study to examine approaches to policy development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is qualitative and uses a hybrid technique that combines document, content, and stakeholder analysis. Kingdon's multiple streams model underpins this study. In addition, guidelines for the systematic search for grey literature were adopted as the search strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Problem Stream: Illicit drug use and its related problems have changed. The increasing availability of drugs, increasing usage and changes in the types of drugs being used have led to increased drug\u2010related crimes, adverse health outcomes and elevated demand for treatment services. Local drug policies and initiatives emerge by recognising drug\u2010related problems in the region.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Policy Stream: The current national drug strategy 2017\u20132025 which informs action plans in Limerick is the first to focus on a unified health approach. Some national policies have evolved to ensure that guidelines meet current service needs. However, these changes have occurred in some cases with no clear actions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Political Stream: Statutory, voluntary and community stakeholders provide drug addiction and drug addiction\u2010related services, which have evolved rapidly since their first introduction. The Mid\u2010West Regional Drug Task Force was identified as essential in coordinating stakeholders locally. One area for improvement is limited evidence of the voices of persons who take drugs included in service\/policy development. This regional analysis also suggests that local implementation of policies concerning dual diagnosis and supervised injection facilities can be further expanded. Despite the challenges experienced by stakeholders in Limerick, a hands\u2010on approach has been adopted in the creation of strategies to tackle the drug problem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The approaches to drug policy development have delivered continuous development of services. However, services remain underdeveloped in areas removed from the capital city of Dublin. Navigating the complex drug landscape reveals that inclusivity, adaptation, and ongoing research are critical components of successful and long\u2010lasting drug policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:09:57Z","timestamp":1727406597000},"page":"86-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Illicit drug use in Limerick City: A stakeholder and policy analysis using multiple streams model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaa Asuaba","family":"Duopah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"},{"name":"Health Research Institute University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"},{"name":"Health Research Institute University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8652-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalifa","family":"Elmusharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research University of Birmingham  Dubai United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dervla","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"},{"name":"Health Research Institute University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","article-title":"Brief (Summer 2023)","author":"Galvin B","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Research Board"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"KeenanE KilleenN Group. 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