{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:42:21Z","timestamp":1788950541311,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Planning &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>President Trump's 2025 implementation of tariffs has been described as a form of economic warfare. The public health community has long viewed conventional forms of warfare as a determinant of health and developed appropriate responses. In this editorial, we argue that this community must now respond in a similar way to all forms of economic warfare. We describe the ways in which economic warfare is waged, which include tariffs, trade sanctions, currency manipulation, and cyberattacks, and the health consequences that arise from them. Drawing on historical examples like the Opium Wars, we highlight the intertwined nature of economic and military conflicts. We also describe how advances in technology have created new opportunities, such as the exclusion of Russia from the SWIFT payment system. The health consequences are profound, with research indicating declines in life expectancy and disruptions in access to essential medicines and equipment. We argue for a comprehensive public health response, made urgent by the rejection, by the current U.S. administration, of the post\u2010war international order. We call for use of innovative research methods to assess the health impacts of economic measures, drawing parallels with studies on the health effects of military conflicts and economic crises and advocacy for a proactive public health stance, akin to the efforts of organisations like the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, to make visible the health consequences of economic warfare and help those who seek to hold governments accountable for their actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T23:45:07Z","timestamp":1745279107000},"page":"1025-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Public Health Response to Economic Warfare"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"McKee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Operational Research Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health LA\u2010REAL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine GHTM Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical IHMT Universidade Nova de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","unstructured":"H.Marie Economic Warfare: How Tariffs Between the US and China Are Redefining Global Trade (2025) https:\/\/policy\u2010wire.com\/economic\u2010warfare\u2010how\u2010tariffs\u2010between\u2010the\u2010us\u2010and\u2010china\u2010are\u2010redefining\u2010global\u2010trade\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","unstructured":"D.Fickling Waging Economic Warfare Like a Game Show Can Backfire (2025) https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/opinion\/articles\/2025\u201004\u201008\/trump\u2010s\u2010dumb\u2010trade\u2010war\u2010will\u2010encourage\u2010dumb\u2010concessions."},{"issue":"8473","key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Nobel Peace Prize for IPPNW","volume":"1","author":"The Lancet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","volume-title":"On War","author":"Clausewitz C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.9\u20104\u2010338"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31390\/cwbr.8.2.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","volume-title":"A History of the Blockade of Germany and the Countries Associated With Her in the Great War, Austria\u2010Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, 1914\u20101918","author":"Bell A. C.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","volume-title":"The Ministry of Economic Warfare and Britain's Conduct of Economic Warfare","author":"Cox N. J. C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","volume-title":"Bankrupting the Enemy: The US Financial Siege of Japan Before Pearl Harbor","author":"Miller E. S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01495933.2018.1486090"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. E.Tulun SWIFT System Turns Into Economic Sanctions Instrument(2022) accessed April 11 2025 https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/osf\/bu37a.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/bu37a"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010polisci\u2010041322\u2010032240"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2020.1746277"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2022.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gove.12686"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(09)61124\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_1","unstructured":"K.LyonsandN.Evershed \u2018Nowhere on Earth is Safe\u2019: Trump Imposes Tariffs on Uninhabited Islands Near Antarctica (2025) accessed April 9 2025 https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us\u2010news\/2025\/apr\/03\/donald\u2010trump\u2010tariffs\u2010antarctica\u2010uninhabited\u2010heard\u2010mcdonald\u2010islands."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_1","unstructured":"The White House Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Imposes Tariffs on Imports From Canada Mexico and China (2025) accessed April 14 2025 https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/fact\u2010sheets\/2025\/02\/fact\u2010sheet\u2010president\u2010donald\u2010j\u2010trump\u2010imposes\u2010tariffs\u2010on\u2010imports\u2010from\u2010canada\u2010mexico\u2010and\u2010china\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_1","unstructured":"J.Mason D.Ljunggren andS.Sugiyama Trump Tariffs Sow Fears of Trade Wars Recession and a $2 300 iPhone (2025) accessed April 14 2025 https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/trump\u2010stokes\u2010trade\u2010war\u2010world\u2010reels\u2010tariff\u2010shock\u20102025\u201004\u201003\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)02678\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_22_1","unstructured":"L.Chutel A Small African Nation Has Few Options to Counter 50% U.S. Tariffs (2025) accessed April 9 2025 https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/09\/business\/economy\/lesotho\u2010trump\u2010tariffs\u2010us\u2010denim.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_23_1","unstructured":"N. H.Vu Understanding the US Tariff List: Implications for Vietnam (2025) accessed April 9 2025 https:\/\/www.vietnam\u2010briefing.com\/news\/understanding\u2010the\u2010us\u2010tariff\u2010list\u2010implications\u2010for\u2010vietnam.html\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_24_1","unstructured":"M.Sainato US Workers Feel Effects of Trump Cuts: \u2018I Am Seeing My Work Dry up\u2019 (2025) accessed April 9 2025 https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2025\/apr\/08\/trump\u2010job\u2010cuts\u2010workers\u2010impacts."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214728"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.161152"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103018(1025)00074\u201000078"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(09)60005\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144766"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku168"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020724"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010031914\u2010122739"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hpm.3940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T04:10:55Z","timestamp":1758255055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hpm.3940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hpm.3940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.3940","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-6753","1099-1751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-6753","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}