{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:06:17Z","timestamp":1772989577508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Planning &amp;amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examines how federal distribution policies affected regional disparities in access to COVID\u201019 therapeutics over time in Texas. To evaluate therapeutic accessibility, drug\u2010to\u2010case ratios were calculated by comparing the amount of therapeutic supply to confirmed case counts across counties during each policy period. A Bayesian spatiotemporal Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) model was used to analyse how healthcare infrastructure, demographic characteristics, and regional vulnerabilities affected access. During the period when distribution was managed by state authorities, supply was quickly mobilized but often lagged demand, particularly in rural areas and communities with high rates of diabetes and older populations. In the next phase, test\u2010to\u2010treat program expanded overall supply, but access remained limited in areas with high racial and ethnic vulnerability due to the absence of demographic targeting. In the final phase, when therapeutics were allocated based on population thresholds and replenished regularly, spatial distribution became more stable and racial disparities narrowed. However, certain high\u2010risk populations continued to face lower access. Findings show that each policy phase not only reflected but also reshaped regional disparities in therapeutic access. While early centralized efforts enabled swift response, they failed to address local needs. Later phases offered improved consistency but were still limited in addressing demographic and health\u2010related vulnerabilities. This study underscores the importance of developing unified yet flexible distribution strategies that can respond to population\u2010specific risks and infrastructure gaps, ensuring equitable access to treatment in future public health emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:09:01Z","timestamp":1764598141000},"page":"295-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging Gaps or Widening Disparities? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID\u201019 Therapeutic Distribution Policies in Texas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8203-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dohyo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dohyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economic Political and Policy Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Geographical Tracking and Mapping of Coronavirus Disease COVID\u201019\/severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) Epidemic and Associated Events Around the World: How 21st Century GIS Technologies Are Supporting the Global Fight Against Outbreaks and Epidemics","author":"Kamel Boulos M. N.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2095166"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974987"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010021\u201000589\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020160"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942\u2010023\u201000357\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3834"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2020.1777240"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2021.1927708"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm\u201022\u20102791"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"COVID\u201019 Therapeutics \u2010 Orders and Distribution","author":"ASPR"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2022.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.41144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939\u2010022\u201001729\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03039"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100495"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010024\u201003103\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m20\u20106306"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.34763"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2020.100355"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2021.2023116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010025\u201022545\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118950203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20136277"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214527528"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660421"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913\u2010024\u201012109\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2021.104188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6641"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hpm.70045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hpm.70045","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hpm.70045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:59:08Z","timestamp":1772971148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hpm.70045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hpm.70045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.70045","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-6753","1099-1751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-6753","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}