{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:06:12Z","timestamp":1772989572948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Planning &amp;amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>E\u2010government is widely acknowledged for its benefits to governments and citizens. However, its effectiveness during crises remains underexplored. During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, contact tracing websites were deployed globally to kerb the virus's spread, raising significant controversies about data privacy and security. This study evaluates the performance of e\u2010government contact tracing websites across 57 countries\/regions. Six e\u2010government dimensions are examined, including (1) transparency, (2) accountability, (3) data security, (4) accessibility, (5) e\u2010participation and (6) privacy, in a tailor\u2010made questionnaire. The findings show that the overall performance of e\u2010government is fair. Countries\/regions mostly performed satisfactorily in providing transparency and promising accountability, data security and privacy. However, the commitments of accessibility and e\u2010participation are evidently weak. The analysis reveals that regime type significantly influences e\u2010government performance: democratic regimes generally perform better than autocratic ones across most dimensions, except accessibility and e\u2010participation. The study concludes that higher levels of democracy enhance e\u2010government performance as demonstrated by evaluations of contact tracing websites. This research provides an original comparative analysis that evaluates: (1) e\u2010government performance through contact tracing websites, (2) the performance across various countries\/regions, and (3) the factors that facilitate e\u2010government. The contribution is to demonstrate that democracy consistently serves as a key factor in strengthening e\u2010health management and safeguarding data protection for citizens during global health crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:29:30Z","timestamp":1767778170000},"page":"346-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["E\u2010Government in Global Health Crisis: Comparing the E\u2010Performance of COVID\u201019 Contact Tracing Websites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying\u2010ho","family":"Kwong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Science The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew Y. H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15309576.2013.785885"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1944\u20102866.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/12294659.2022.2071540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/07378831311303985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09593841011068664"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20106210.2006.00594.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijeg.2022.123251"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cContact Tracing and Quarantine in the Context of COVID\u201019: Interim Guidance \u201d (July 2022) Accessed October 20 2022 https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/358984."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2022.101750"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(20)30457\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106718"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.1000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puab019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979\u2010021\u201000520\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09513550510616733"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226810645.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2017.1305689"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.119973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4811022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18235\/0003122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/shsconf\/20219208004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2023.101815"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TG\u201007\u20102022\u20100100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17573\/cepar.2021.1.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su162411068"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.609716"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/as.2017.57.4.764"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp1040030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101581"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Wen Q.Zhao D.Xuan andN.Shroff \u201cA Study of the Privacy of COVID\u201019 Contact Tracing Apps \u201d in International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems 297\u2013317 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010030\u201080553\u20102_25.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63086-7_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27449"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25741292.2020.1854189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399706290638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apv.12398"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Social Media Framing in the Global Health Crisis","volume":"23","author":"Kwong Y. H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","unstructured":"United Nations. \u201cE\u2010Government Survey 2024: Accelerating Digital Transformation for Sustainable Development \u201d: Retrieved November 17 2025 https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en\u2010us\/Reports\/UN\u2010E\u2010Government\u2010Survey\u20102024."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","unstructured":"OECD. \u201cGovernment at a Glance 2025 \u201d Government at a Glance (2025): Retrieved November 17 2025 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/0efd0bcd\u2010en."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2006.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551\u2010006\u20109172\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cOnline Global Consultation on Contact Tracing for COVID\u201019 \u201d: Retrieved October 22 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240014220."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","unstructured":"The Council of Europe. \u201cContact Tracing Apps \u201d: Retrieved October 22 2022 https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/data\u2010protection\/contact\u2010tracing\u2010apps."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","unstructured":"R. F.Norton \u201cContact Tracing Apps: A New World for Data Privacy \u201d: Retrieved October 22 2022 https:\/\/www.nortonrosefulbright.com\/en\u2010hk\/knowledge\/publications\/d7a9a296\/contact\u2010tracing\u2010apps\u2010a\u2010new\u2010world\u2010for\u2010data\u2010privacy."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gove.12666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","unstructured":"WHO. \u201cContact Tracing in the Context of COVID\u201019 \u201d (February 2021): Retrieved October 22 2022 https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/339128\/WHO\u20102019\u2010nCoV\u2010Contact_Tracing\u20102021.1\u2010eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","unstructured":"F.House \u201cFreedom in the World \u201d: Retrieved October 22 2022 https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom\u2010world."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","volume-title":"Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800\u20102018","author":"Marshall M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192512115622046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2019.101398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","unstructured":"WHO. \u201cWHO Guideline on Contact Tracing \u201d: Retrieved August 21 2025 https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/380060\/9789240102965\u2010eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199778256.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/18752160\u20108698301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00242530510619183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/EG.2010.029892"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096523000586"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2020.100438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2955"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hpm.70054","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hpm.70054","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hpm.70054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:59:01Z","timestamp":1772971141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hpm.70054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hpm.70054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.70054","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-6753","1099-1751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-6753","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}