{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1785771024185,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was taken as one of the high\u2010priority long\u2010lasting public health issues, although it might have been underrated in terms of COVID\u201019 pandemic emergence. Regarding limited data on assessing the pandemic effect on AMR trend in Iran, this study aimed to describe the epidemiology of antibiotics resistance during the COVID pandemic in southern Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This descriptive study was conducted on 2675 patients' samples collected and processed in a referral COVID\u201019 center hospital in southern Iran from March 21, 2019, to February 18, 2020 (prepandemic), and February 19, 2020, to March 21, 2021 (pandemic). Susceptibility test results in sensitivity and resistance levels were compared in prepandemic and pandemic periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to prepandemic, the inpatient number has increased almost three times. On the other hand, there are around four times fewer outpatients now. More than 85% of the specimens were found in urine samples. In all, 92.22% of all bacteria samples were Gram\u2010negative isolates, with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> accounting for 59.19% of them. The change rate of Gram\u2010negative bacteria resistance to antimicrobials is an average of 7.74% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). On the other hand, the average change rate of Gram\u2010positive bacteria resistant to antibiotics has decreased by 19.3% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009008). As a forerunner among other Gram\u2010negative bacteria, the average change rate for <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic> resistance to monitored antibiotics was 89% and 66.3%, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the Covid\u201019 pandemic, the increase in AMR among Gram\u2010negative bacteria, particularly <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>K. pneumonia<\/jats:italic>, was observed compared to the prepandemic. This further limits treatment options, and endangers global public health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T02:46:43Z","timestamp":1678934803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of antibiotics resistance in Southern Iran in light of COVID\u201019 pandemic: A retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahim","family":"Raoofi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8782-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negin","family":"Namavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Jahrom University of Medical Science Jahrom Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3460-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Rahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences Torbat Jam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hadi","family":"Dousthaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems Engineering Faculty Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-0985-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future","volume":"7","author":"Harvard T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23491-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1073-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and antimicrobial resistance: parallel and interacting health emergencies","volume":"12","author":"Nieuwlaat R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156802662108210319145317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotics susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from clinical specimens before and during Covid\u201019 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Lai CC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10101146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"Increment antimicrobial resistance during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: results from the invifar network","volume":"28","author":"LE L\u2010J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"The untold toll \u2014 the pandemic's effects on patients without Covid\u201019","volume":"28","author":"Oseran AS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01159-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00306-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04063-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2347872"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","article-title":"Automedicaci\u00f3n en tiempos de COVID\u201019. 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