{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:23:49Z","timestamp":1780374229463,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the beginning of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic, multiple new variants have emerged posing an increased risk to global public health. This study aimed to investigate SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants, their temporal dynamics, infection rate (IFR) and case fatality rate (CFR) in Bangladesh by analyzing the published genomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrieved 6610 complete whole genome sequences of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 from the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data) platform from March 2020 to October 2022, and performed different in\u2010silico bioinformatics analyses. The clade and Pango lineages were assigned by using Nextclade v2.8.1. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections and fatality data were collected from the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh. The average IFR was calculated from the monthly COVID\u201019 cases and population size while average CFR was calculated from the number of monthly deaths and number of confirmed COVID\u201019 cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 first emerged in Bangladesh on March 3, 2020 and created three pandemic waves so far. The phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple introductions of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variant(s) into Bangladesh with at least 22 Nextstrain clades and 107 Pangolin lineages with respect to the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 reference genome of Wuhan\/Hu\u20101\/2019. The Delta variant was detected as the most predominant (48.06%) variant followed by Omicron (27.88%), Beta (7.65%), Alpha (1.56%), Eta (0.33%) and Gamma (0.03%) variant. The overall IFR and CFR from circulating variants were 13.59% and 1.45%, respectively. A time\u2010dependent monthly analysis showed significant variations in the IFR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012, Kruskal\u2013Wallis test) and CFR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032, Kruskal\u2013Wallis test) throughout the study period. We found the highest IFR (14.35%) in 2020 while Delta (20A) and Beta (20H) variants were circulating in Bangladesh. Remarkably, the highest CFR (1.91%) from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants was recorded in 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings highlight the importance of genomic surveillance for careful monitoring of variants of concern emergence to interpret correctly their relative IFR and CFR, and thus, for implementation of strengthened public health and social measures to control the spread of the virus. Furthermore, the results of the present study may provide important context for sequence\u2010based inference in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variant(s) evolution and clinical epidemiology beyond Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T11:18:31Z","timestamp":1681730311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Temporal dynamics and fatality of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"M. Shaminur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4861-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Nazmul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita Roy","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Moradul","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovinu Kibria","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Md.","family":"Galib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Anwar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Coronavirus Resource Center.\u00a0Dashboard Johns Hopkins University.\u00a019.\u00a0Accessed January 22 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00289-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261929","article-title":"COVID\u201019 vaccine acceptance among Bangladeshi adults: understanding predictors of vaccine intention to inform vaccine policy","volume":"17","author":"Lee C","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/openhe-2022-0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"KhatunF.\u00a0The Covid\u201019 vaccination agenda in Bangladesh: increase supply reduce hesitancy.\u00a02021. 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