{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:08:41Z","timestamp":1793351321120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Violence against female sex workers (FSWs) is a widespread phenomenon, especially in African nations like Ghana where sex work is outlawed primarily because of the pervasive worldview that sex work is a contravention of morality. Violence against FSWs deters them from accessing critical health services and heightens their risk of STIs including HIV infection. The study examined the prevalence and the associated factors of multiple indicators of violence against FSWs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study utilized a cross\u2010sectional secondary data from the 2015 Integrated Bio\u2010Behavioral Surveillance Survey conducted among FSWs and their nonpaying partners by Ghana AIDS Commission. We analysed data on a total of 4279 participants. Bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify factors associated with physical and sexual violence against FSWs. Data were analysed using Stata version 15.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 4279 FSWs, 433 (10%) and 1059 (25%) suffered physical and sexual violence, respectively. The predictors of physical violence are being a seater (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u20090.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36\u20130.74), aged \u226540 (aOR\u2009=\u20090.23, 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.64), nonuse of drugs (aOR\u2009=\u20090.56, 95% CI: 0.44\u20130.70), not using alcohol before sex (aOR\u2009=\u20090.69, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.86) and petty business (aOR\u2009=\u20091.39, 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.82). Sexual violence was predicted by those aged 31\u201340 (aOR\u2009=\u20090.68, 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.94) and age \u226540 (aOR\u2009=\u20090.38, 95% CI: 0.22\u20130.66), currently married (aOR\u2009=\u20090.42, 95% CI: 0.27\u20130.67), having no living children (aOR\u2009=\u20090.69, 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.94), nonuse of drugs (aOR\u2009=\u20090.80, 95% CI: 0.68\u20130.94), and not using alcohol before sex (aOR\u2009=\u20090.74, 95% CI: 0.63\u20130.86). Region was associated with both physical and sexual violence. Both physical and sexual violence had negative consequences on consistency of condom use and condom failure among FSWs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Physical and sexual violence against FSWs is pervasive, and a critical public health issue in Ghana. The identified associated factors could be considered as part of an overall strategy aimed at addressing the menace.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T14:07:04Z","timestamp":1683209224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple indicators of violence against female sex workers and its associated factors in Ghana: Evidence from the 2015 integrated bio\u2010behavioral surveillance survey cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Ayamah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana AIDS Commission Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice Moses K.","family":"Aheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana"},{"name":"WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton UK"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeremeh S.","family":"Atuahene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana AIDS Commission Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis A.","family":"Annang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana AIDS Commission Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research, Monitoring and Evaluation JSI Research and Training Institute Inc. Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue A.","family":"Amuasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician Assistantship and Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Central University Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Abrefa\u2010Gyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516629385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052463"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.4"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Risk of sexually transmitted infections and violence among indoor\u2010working female sex workers in London: the effect of migration from Eastern Europe demographic characteristics","volume":"87","author":"Platt L","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552070802120491"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0957-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021389"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with violence against female sex workers in ten Brazilian cities fatores associados \u00e0 viol\u00eancia contra mulheres profissionais do sexo de dez cidades brasileiras factores asociados a la violencia contra mujeres profesionales del sexo de","volume":"33","author":"Lima FSDS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Soc Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1583-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir542"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2939"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir539"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60933-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184775"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"NATIONAL HIV & AIDS STRATEGIC PLAN 2016 \u2010 2020","author":"GAC","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"WHO. HIV\/AIDS. WHO.2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids. Accessed 18 Jan 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","unstructured":"Avert. HOW DO YOU GET HIV? Avert.2022.\u00a0Accessed October\u00a018 2022.https:\/\/www.avert.org\/hiv-transmission-prevention\/how-you-get-hiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"AIDSinfo. HIV\/AIDS: The Basics. AIDSinfo.2023. Accessed Jan\u00a018 2023.https:\/\/hivinfo.nih.gov\/understanding-hiv\/fact-sheets\/hiv-and-aids-basics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2015.1084969"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.2017Global HIV Statistics. 2018; July:5.http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500100676"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.011940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2011.049544"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01251-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S6-S11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S6-S14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","unstructured":"Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and Associates.Domestic Violence in Ghana: Incidence Attitudes Determinants and Consequences. Brighton: IDS.2016.https:\/\/opendocs.ids.ac.uk\/opendocs\/handle\/20.500.12413\/12168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3356-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b3552a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Gender\u2010based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa","volume":"363","author":"Dunkle KL","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.1243","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T13:44:13Z","timestamp":1692539053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.1243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.1243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1243","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1243"}}